Lab 2 Serum Proteins Flashcards
(39 cards)
What 2 major groups are serum proteins divided into?
Albumin and globulins
Which serum protein is synthesized by the liver? This serum protein is the _________ and easily dissolves in ____________ Albumin has a vast capacity of non selective binding of many ____________ Albumin is primary serum plasma responsible for the transport of _________________, ______________, ___________ and ______________ Some albumin accounts for _____% of total plasma protein and it provides ____% of colloidal osmotic pressure What does colloid osmotic pressure prevent? Values for albumin in serum are……
Albumin Smallest serum protein and easily dissolves in water Non selective binding of many ligands Transport of hydrophobic free fatty acids, unconquered bilirubin, some hormones, trace metal drugs 60% of total plasma protein and 80% of colloid osmotic pressure. Prevent edema Albumin in serum is 3.2-5.6 g/dl
What are globulins composed of?
alfa-1 globulins , alfa 2 globulins, beta-globulins and gamma globulins
What can be evaluated and expressed as serum total protein concentration and with a reference value of?
Because______ is quantitatively the most important serum protein its concentration will influence what?
Serum protein concentration reflects _______, _______ and _______.
The concentration of serum proteins. The reference value is 6-8g/dL(60-80g/L)
Albumin, concentration will influence the serum total protein concentration.
The serum protein concentration reflects the rate of synthesis, the degradation and volume of distribution.
Define Hypoproteinemia
terms the serum protein concentration lower han 6g/dl(60g/L). It may reflect chronic liver diseases(eg. liver cirrhosis), nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, extensive burns and malnutrition.
Hyperproteinemia
terms the serum protein concentration greater than 8g/dL(80 g/L). It usally reflect diverse malignant pathologies such as myeloma and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. A transient hyperproteinemia may be caused by dehydration
What is the most important method for sepeation of plasma proteins in clinical laboratory?
This method is usually perfomed at alkaline pH on…
This method seperates the proteins by what ratio? How many fractions can be identified by staining and densitometric scanning?
Electrophoresis
at alkaline pH on cellulose acetate foil or on agarose gel
Their charge/mass ratio. 5 fractions
Image 1: Gel with serum protein electrophoresis
Image 2: Densitometric scanning of electrophoresis gel
(albumin, a1 globulin, a2 globulin, B globulin, y globulin)
Chart with proteins, concentration and % content
Highest to lowest concentration:
Albumin, y(gamma globulin), B globulin, a2 globulin, a1 globulin
Normal serum prtoein fractions from fastest to slowest electrophoretic mobility:
Albumins, a1 globulins, a2 globulins, B globulin and Y globulin
What do Alpha-1 globulins contain?
What do Alpha 2 globulins contain?
What do Beta-globulins contain?
What are gamma globulins made of?
Alpha-1 globulins contain: retiniol-binding protein, a1-antiprotease(termed also a1-antiyrpsin), thyroxine-binding globulin, transcortin and a-fetoprotein
Alpha-2 globulins contain ceruloplasmin, a2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin
Beta-globulins contain transferin, hemopexin and fibrinogen. FIbrinogen is present at plasma but not at serum
Gamma globulins are composed mainly of immunoglobulins and C-reactive protein
Immunglobulins aka________ are synthesized by_________, a component of the immune system
Immunglobulins have a defined specificity for a foreign particles like what that stimulate their synthesis?
Describe immunogen
Wha are immunoglobins?
Describe Antigens
Immunglobulins aka antibodies are synthesized by B lymphocytes.
Foreign particles like immunogen, antigen
Immunogen is a foreign particle entering the body which can elicit the immunologic response.
Immunoglobulins are a uniquely diverse group of molecules recognizing and reacting with a wide range of specific antigens and giving rise to a series of effects that result in the eventual elimination of the presenting antigen.
Antigen describes any agent that can be bound by the antibody
The immunoglobulin is a ____ shaped molecule containing 2 identical units called _______ and 2 identical smaller units called_____.
What are the 5 heavy chains?
The molecules are characterized by 2 functional areas?
Y shaped molecule, 2 identical heavy chains(H) and 2 identical smalled light chains(L).
The 5 heavy chains are γ, μ, α, δ, and ε and the nature of heavy chain determines the class of immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE
The 2 functional areas include:
- The Fab, or variable end is the area that recognizes and binds to the antigen
- The Fc end is responsible for the interaction with other componenets of the immunne system eg, complement ad T-helper cells
What is the most common immunoglobun that protects tissue spaces and can freely cross the placenta?
It circulates in plasma in ___ concentration, accounting for ___% of immunlobulin present in ______.
IgG is the main _____ in second (delayed) response to an ______.
Where is IgG also present in? What does it appear to eliminate? How? By what system?
IgG.
high concentration, 75%, in adults
main antibody in second (delayed) resonse to an antigen
IgG is also present in all extracellular fluids and appears to eliminate small soluble antigenic proteins through aggregation and enhanced phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial system
IgA has a ______ form and is widely found in _________ and presents an __________ barrier which protects_________surfaces
IgA represents ____% of plasma immunoglobulins
Dimerised form, widely found in secretions and presents an antiseptic barrier which protects mucosal surfaces
7-15%
Structure of immunoglobulin G image
VL and VH are antigen binding site
The pentameric structure of IgM image
What is IgM confined to? What does IgM help with?
What % of serum immunoglobulins does IgM account for?
Which immunoglobulin is the first immunoglobulin to be synthesized after an antigenic challenge?
What structure does IgM have and because of this structure it does not cross….
Confined to the intravascular space and helps eliminate circulating antigens and microorganisms.
5-10% of serum immunoglobulins
IgM
Pentameric, IgM does not cross the placenta
What are the minor immunoglobulins?
How much % does IgD account for and therefore it has a role that remains elusive. IgD is thought to be a surface receptor for antigen in ___ lymphocytes.
IgE is present in ____ only in trace amounts and acts to bind ______ and promote a release of _______ amines from _____cells.
What does IgE mediate immunity to and by activating what?
IgE has the lowest concentration in______
IgD and IgE
less than 0.5%. B lymphocytes
serum, bind antigen, promote a release of vasoactive amines from mast cells
It mediates immunity to worms(parasites) and by activating eosinophils
IgE has lowest concentration in serum
What are the product of a single B cell and arise from benign or malignant transformation of B cells?
The proliferation of a single B cell clone results in production of __________
Usually monoclonal antibodies are structurally ______molecules but sometimes they may be in some way _______
The absolute physical identity of the monoclonal immunoglobulins leads to a single, dense band in gamma region called_________
Monoclonal antibodies
Production of identical antibodies
Structurally normal molecues, but sometimes they may be in some way fragmented or truncated.
Single dense band in gamma region called paraprotein band
What 2 diverse malignant pathologies are monoclonal antibodies associated with? What benign transformations are monoclonal antibodes associated with?
Diverse malignant pathologies are such myeloma and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Benign transformations that are monoclonal gammopathies of uncertain significance(MGUS)
What are monoclonal gammopathies(paraproteinemias or dystoproteinemias)?
Serum protein electrophoresis in the monoclonal gammopathy image
Group of disorders characterized by the proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells, which produces an immunologically homogenous protein commonly referred to a as a paraprotein or monoclonal protein(M-protein)
What is polyclonal gammopathy?
Why is there usually attributable to persistent, high level exposure to antigens?
Polyclonal gammopathy is a hypergammaglobulinemia resulting from an increased production of several different immunoglobulins and usually attributable to persistent, high level exposure to antigens
This is because the immunoglobulins produced by individual cell lines are slightly different from each other in terms of size and charge and so do not migrate to the same place on electrophoresis. This situation ocurs in a variety of infectious, inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. In electrophoresis one can see a wide band composed of few smaller peaks
What can occur as a result of infection, genetic abnoralities or effects of therapy?
Where the situation is irreversible what therapy has been used? By the addition of either _______ or ________.
Deficiencies or absence of immunoglobulins
Replacement therapy
immunoglobulin rich plasma or by the transplantation of bone marrow containing competent plasma cells
What is acute phase response?
During acute phase response there is characterised marked increase in the _________ and where? There is also decrease in _______
There is an incease in the synthesis of proteins such as __________(eg. a1-antiprotease or a1-antitrypsin), ___________(fibrinogen, prothrombin) ,___________, __________(CRP) and ceruloplasmin which is of obvious clinical benefit
It is a nonspecific response to tissue injuy or infection and it affect several organs and tissues.
An increase in the synthesis of some proteins predominantly in the liver along with a decrease in the plasma concentration of some others.
Proteins such as proteinase inhibitors, coagulation proteins, complement proteins, C-reactive protein and ceruloplasmin
