Lab 3 Basic Bone and Tooth Bio

Question 1

is the study of the structure and form of the bony skeleton, which includes assessments of gross anatomy as well as different degrees of microscopic structure.

Answer 1

Osteology

Question 2

is the study of the structure and form of teeth, or the dentition.

Answer 2

Odontology

Question 3

is the study of the shape and appearance of the skeleton and dentition.

Answer 3

Morphology

Question 4

how the human body is oriented with respect to the directions and planes of reference
the body is standing with the feet pointing forward and planted on the ground, the head is facing forward, and the palms are facing forward.

Answer 4

Standard Anatomical Position

Question 5

towards the head, or top, of the body

Answer 5

Superior (cranial / cephalic)

Question 6

towards the bottom away from the head, the opposite of superior, Caudal means towards the tail in quadrupeds

Answer 6

Inferior (Caudal)

Question 7

towards the front. ventral means towards the stomach in quadrupeds

Answer 7

Anterior (ventral)

Question 8

Toward the back, the opposite of Anterior

Answer 8

Posterior (Dorsal)

Question 9

Toward the midline of the body

(meaning closer to the midline. Does the blue line seem to indicate a position towards the center of the skull)

Answer 9

Medial

Question 10

Away from the midline, the opposite of medial

(refers to something that is away from the midline of the body. Can you identify if the blue line is positioned towards the side of the skull or closer to the center?)

Answer 10

Lateral

Question 11

away from the surface of the body, inner

Answer 11

internal (deep)

Question 12

Toward the surface of the body, outer

Answer 12

external (superficial)

Question 13

Toward the palm of the hands, the opposite of ________ is dorsal

Answer 13

Palmar

Question 14

Toward the sole of the foot, the opposite of ________
is dorsal

Answer 14

Plantar

Question 15

toward or near the axial skeleton, or main mass of the body

(is typically used to describe positions closer to the trunk of the body, but in the context of the skull, it might not be the most relevant term.)

Answer 15

Proximal

Question 16

away from axial skeleton, or main mass of the body, opposite of proximal

Answer 16

Distal

Question 17

Some individuals also have extra bones in the joints of their skull. These are called -

Answer 17

sutural bones, or ossicles, or Wormian bones.

Question 18

all bone is composed of two components:

Answer 18

collagen and hydroxyapatite.

Question 19

_________ is the primary protein component of bone that produces flexibility.

Answer 19

Collagen

Question 20

_______ a calcium phosphate mineral that provides rigidity to bone.

Answer 20

Hydroxyapatite

Question 21

________ is an inherited genetic condition in which collagen production is impaired. The result is a skeleton prone to sudden fracture

Answer 21

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Question 21

_____ means visible to the naked eye without magnification

Answer 21

Gross

Question 22

the two types of bones visible without magnification

Answer 22

1. compact bone (cortical bone)
2. spongy bone, trabecular, cancellous bone

Question 23

___________ is the smooth, dense bone found on the external surfaces of elements and also lines the interior of the medullary cavity of the long bones.

Answer 23

Compact bone (cortical bone)

Question 24

____________ is the hollow space within long bones where yellow marrow is stored, a fatty reserve located exclusively in the long bones.

Answer 24

Medullary cavity

Question 25

_______ is porous, is found inside bones and not on the external surface. Its purpose is to provide lightweight structural support. In the flat bones of the skull, this is called diploe.

Answer 25

Spongy, trabecular, cancellous bone

Question 26

___________ is responsible for the production of blood cells - hematopoietic ( blood producing ) stem cells differentiate into red and white blood cells as well as platelets.

Answer 26

red marrow

Question 27

This center of bone development is penetrated by blood vessels that supply nutrients, and the initial site of penetration becomes the___________, which connects the yellow marrow to the blood supply of the body

Answer 27

nutrient foramen

Question 28

to make bone

Answer 28

ossification

Question 29

primary center of ossification is called ______ which forms the shaft of the long bone

Answer 29

diaphysis

Question 30

The periosteum is home to a type of bone cell called an ______

Answer 30

osteoblast

Question 31

On the inner surface of the medullary cavity is another layer of connective tissue called the ________

Answer 31

endosteum

Question 32

The endosteum is home to a type of bone cell called an _______ (primary function is to remove bone)

Answer 32

osteoclast

Question 33

When bone begins as an uncalcified collagen precursor and ends as a complete long bone with multiple epiphyses fused to the diaphysis - a process called ______

Answer 33

endochondral ossification

Question 34

Bone increases in length on both ends as osteoblasts produce more bone at the end of the diaphysis

Answer 34

Longitudinal growth (easy concept)

Question 35

with __________ growth osteoblasts located underneath the periosteum that covers the external surface produce additional bone in a series of layers. These layers are called lamellae. At the same time, the medullary cavity is formed by the activity of osteoclasts located in the endosteum. Osteoclasts remove bone. Thus, the long bone can expand in diameter without increasing significantly in weight. This process is guided by a series of genes responsible for new cell formation, bone production, bone removal, and regulator genes that guide this process.

Answer 35

Appositional growth

Question 36

is coagulated blood that attempts to stop any internal bleeding

Answer 36

hematoma

Question 37

within a few days of repair bone called ______ is laid down. to stabilize the fracture through the formation of primary fracture callus.

Answer 37

woven or immature bone

Question 38

How does the Haversion system contribute to the function of compact bone?

Answer 38

by delivering blood and nutrients to dense bone

Question 39

In the context of bone growth, what is the primary function of the periosteum?

Answer 39

to house osteoblasts for new bone formation

Question 40

the body will remove bone where it is not needed and add new bone where it is needed in response to functional demands is called ________ "use it or lose it"

Answer 40

Wolff's law

Question 41

Cervical Thoracic and Lumbar

Answer 41

the 3 types of vertebrae

Question 42

Anterior / posterior useful for sex estimates

Answer 42

the sacrum

Question 43

composed of the bones of the upper and lower limbs including pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and those of the hands and feet

Answer 43

Appendicular Skeleton

Question 44

acts as a strut, holding the arm away from the torso

Answer 44

the clavicle

Question 45

Ilium, Ischium, pubis

Answer 45

os coxa

Question 46

most common joint the shoulder, elbow, hip allow maximum movement between the skeletal elements.

Answer 46

synovial joints / diathroses

Question 47

Which type of joint allows for the most movement between bones?

Answer 47

Synovial joint

Question 48

What is the function of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?

Answer 48

to remove old or damaged bone tissue