Lab 3 & Lab 4 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Anterior (ventral)
A
Toward the front of the body, organ, or structure
2
Q
anteroposterior
A
Pertaining to the front and back of the body or passing from the front to the back of the body
3
Q
inferior (dorsal)
A
Pertaining to below, lower, or toward the tail
4
Q
scan
A
Process of using a moving device or a sweeping beam of radiation to produce images of an internal area, organ, or tissue of the body
5
Q
Anatomical position
A
In anatomical position, the person stands erect, the eyes look straight ahead, the arms are at the sides of the body with the palms of the hand turned forward, and the feet are parallel to one another and flat on the floor
6
Q
Adduction
A
Movement toward the midline of the body
7
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the midline of the body
8
Q
Superior (cephalic, cranial)
A
Above or higher; toward the head
9
Q
Inferior (caudal)
A
Below or lower; toward the tail
10
Q
Medial
A
Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline
11
Q
Lateral
A
Pertaining to the side; toward the side
12
Q
External
A
Outside, exterior to
13
Q
Internal
A
Within, interior to
14
Q
Superficial
A
Toward or on the surface
15
Q
Deep
A
Away from the surface
16
Q
Proximal
A
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure
17
Q
Distal
A
Farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure
18
Q
Parietal
A
Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity
19
Q
Visceral
A
Pertaining to the organs within a cavity
20
Q
Median plane
A
vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides; also called midsagittal plane.
21
Q
Frontal plane
A
plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; also called coronal plane.
22
Q
Horizontal plane
A
plane that separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; also called transverse plane.
23
Q
dorsal cavity includes
A
(1) cranial
(2) spinal cavities and contains the brain and the spinal cord.
(3) diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle, separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing.
24
Q
Ventral cavity includes
A
(4) thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs
(5) abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdominopelvic cavity is further subdivided into the
(6) abdominal
(7) pelvic cavities and contains organs of the digestive and reproductive systems.
25
Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestine.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
contains part of the small and large intestine, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
contains the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestine.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
contains part of the small and large intestine, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Right hypochondriac
upper right region located under the cartilage of the ribs.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Left hypochondriac
upper left region located under the cartilage of the ribs.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Right lumbar
middle right region located near the waist
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Left lumbar
middle left region located near the waist.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Right iliac
lower right region located near the groin (also called right inguinal region).
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Left iliac
lower left region located near the groin (also called left inguinal region).
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Epigastric
middle region located above the stomach.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
middle region located in the area of the umbilicus, or navel.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Hypogastric
lower middle region located below the stomach and umbilical region
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abdominal
pertaining to the abdomen
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caudad
toward the tail
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cephalad
toward the head
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cervical
pertaining to the neck
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cranial
pertaining to the cranium (skull)
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gastric
pertaining to the stomach
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iliac
pertaining to the ilium
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inguinal
pertaining to the groin
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lumbar
pertaining to the lower back
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pelvimeter
instrument used to measure the pelvis
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spinal
pertaining to the spine
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thoracic
pertaining to the chest
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umbilical
pertaining to the umbilicus
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-ior
pertaining to
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ventral
belly side
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cyt/o
cell
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hist/o
tissue
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nucle/o
nucleus
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radi/o
radiation; radius (bone)
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costalgia
pain in the ribs
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coronal
pertaining to the heart
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-gen
forming, producing, origin
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-genesis
forming, producing, origin
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-logist
specialist in the study of
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-logy
study of
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-lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
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-plasia
formation, growth
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infra-
below, under
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epi-
above, on
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adhesion
Band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other
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inflammation
Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy
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sepsis
Body’s inflammatory response to infection in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates, and low blood pressure
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endoscopy
Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
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fluoroscopy
Radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photo- graphic plate to produce a visual image from x-rays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
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nuclear scan
Diagnostic technique that produces an image of an organ or area by recording the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical substance called a tracer; usually introduced into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection
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radiography
Production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source
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radiopharmaceutical
Drug that contains a radioactive substance, which travels to an area or a specific organ that will be scanned
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tomography
Radiographic technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross-section of tissue structure at a predetermined depth
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computed tomography (CT) scan
Narrow beam of x-rays with a contrast medium (provides more detail) or without a contrast medium that targets a specific organ or body area to produce multiple cross-sectional images for detecting pathological conditions such as tumors or metastases
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positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Nuclear imaging study that combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals to produce a cross-sectional image of radioactive dispersements in a section of the body to reveal the areas where the radiopharmaceutical is being metabolized and where there is a deficiency in metabolism; useful in evaluating Alzheimer disease and epilepsy
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single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan
Nuclear imaging study that scans organs after injection of a radioactive tracer and employs a specialized gamma camera that detects emitted radiation to produce a three-dimensional image from a composite of numerous views; used to show how blood flows to an organ and helps determine how well the organ is functioning
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ultrasonography (US)
Imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
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cognition
Process of thought—including reasoning, judgment, and perception
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nerve impulse
Electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus
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neurotransmitters
Chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neurons)
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peripheral
Pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from its center
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traumatic
Caused by or pertaining to an injury
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vascular
Pertaining to or composed of blood vessels
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cerebr/o
cerebrum
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cerebr/o/spin/al
Pertaining to the brain and spine or spinal cord
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encephal/o
brain
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encephal/itis
Inflammation of the brain
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gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
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gli/oma
Tumor of the neuroglial tissue
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mening/o
meninges (mem- branes covering brain and spinal cord)
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mening/o/cele
Hernia or swelling of the meninges
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meningi/o
meninges (mem- branes covering brain and spinal cord)
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meningi/oma
Tumor of the meninges
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myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
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myel/algia
Pain of the bone marrow or spinal cord
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-lepsy
seizure
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-phasia
speech
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a/phasia
Without speech
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dys-
bad, painful, difficult
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dys/phasia
bad/painful/difficult speech
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hemi-
one half
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hemi/paresis
Partial paralysis (hemi=half)
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para-
near; beside; beyond
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quadri-
four
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quadri/plegia
paralysis of all four limbs
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ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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C1, C2 and so on
first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on
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CNS
central nervous system
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CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
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CVA
cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle
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CVD
cerebrovascular disease
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EEG
electroencephalogram; electroencephalography
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L1, L2, and so on
first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on
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LP
lumbar puncture
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MS
mitral stenosis; musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; magnesium sulfate
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PNS
peripheral nervous system
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S1, S2, and so on
first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra, and so on
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T1, T2, and so on
first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, and so on
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TIA
transient ischemic attack
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TN
trigeminal neuralgia
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Trigeminal neuralgia (TN)
neuropathic pain syndrome that involves the facial area stimulated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). This syndrome results in flashes of pain radiating along the course of the nerve and is the most common cause of facial pain.
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anesthetics
Produce partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness
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anticonvulsants
Prevent or control seizures
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antiparkinsonian agents
Reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease
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antipsychotics
Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations
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thrombolytics
Dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis
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craniotomy
Surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures
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thalamotomy
Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
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trephination
Excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw called a trephine to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery, or to relieve intracranial pressure (ICP)
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture, which is analyzed for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present
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electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain; used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders and periods of uncon- sciousness, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain dead
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lumbar puncture (LP)
Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratory analysis; also called spinal tap or spinal puncture
136
stroke
Inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the brain due to a clot or rup- tured blood vessel (hemorrhage), which allows brain tissue to die and becomes a medical emergency; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk of a more serious and debilitating condition (stroke); also called ministroke
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty in swallowing and talking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis; also called Lou Gehrig disease (named after the baseball player who became afflicted with ALS)
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dementia
Progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgment, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language
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Alzheimer disease
Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plaques,” which results in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes
141
epilepsy
Disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have extreme convulsions
142
Huntington chorea
Inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration
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hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease; if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline
144
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflamma- tion, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms
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neuroblastoma
Malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children
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neurosis
Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
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palsy
Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis
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Bell
Facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a
facial nerve
149
cerebral
Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary
150
paralysis
Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury
151
Parkinson disease
Progressive neurological disorder caused by a neurotransmitter deficiency (dopamine) that affects the portion of the brain responsible for control- ling movement and results in hand tremors; uncontrollable head nod- ding; shuffling gait; and difficulty talking, swallowing, or completing simple tasks
152
poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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psychosis
Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delu- sions and hallucinations
154
sciatica
Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot
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shingles
Chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve that is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called herpes zoster
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spina bifida
Congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude
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spina bifida occulta
Most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges
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spina bifida cystica
More severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)
