lab 5

Question 1

what are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function?

Answer 1

tissues

Question 2

what is the study of tissues?

Answer 2

histology

Question 3

what are the 4 primary tissue types that make up the human body?

Answer 3

connective
epithelial
muscle
nervous

Question 4

to perform specific functions, tissues are organized into what? such as heart and lungs

Answer 4

organs

Question 5

what is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

Answer 5

epithelium

Question 6

what is the form of epithelial tissue that forms the endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 6

glandular epithelium

Question 7

what kind of epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of the skin, lines the opening cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers the walls and organs of the central body cavity?

Answer 7

covering and living epithelium

Question 8

what are the 6 important functions of epithelium?

Answer 8

protection
absorption
secretion
excretion
filtration
sensory

Question 9

all epithelial cells are said to exhibit what?

Answer 9

apical-basal polarity

Question 10

what are the two surfaces of epithelial tissues?

Answer 10

apical and basal

Question 11

what epithelial tissue surface is exposed to the exterior of the body or to the cavity of an internal organ?

Answer 11

apical surface

Question 12

what is the lower attached second surface of epithelial tissue?

Answer 12

basal surface

Question 13

epithelia is ___, meaning it has no blood vessels

Answer 13

avascular

Question 14

what is the thin sheet of tissue that adheres to the underlying connective tissue and acts as a selective filter, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse through from the connective tissue?

Answer 14

basal lamina

Question 15

what the layer of extracellular material containing a network of collagen/protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue? it’s deep to the basal lamina

Answer 15

reticular lamina

Question 16

what do the basal lamina and reticular lamina form together?

Answer 16

basement membrane

Question 17

what is important about the basement membrane?

Answer 17

it reinforces the epithelial sheet, helping it to resist stretching and tearing forces

Question 18

what are the three modifications of plasma membrane that hold cells together?

Answer 18

tight junctions
adhering junctions
gap junctions

Question 19

what are the 2 modifications of plasma membrane that hold cells together?

Answer 19

cilia and microvilli

Question 20

what plasma membrane modification are cells joined by collars of tightly fused membrane and prevents movement of materials between cells?

Answer 20

tight junctions

Question 21

what kind of plasma membrane modification are cells that are held together by a group of connecting filaments and it’s found in the skin?

Answer 21

adhering junctions

Question 22

what plasma membrane modification are adjacent cells that are connected by protein channels that allow for transmission of signals from cell to cell and is found in the heart and smooth muscle?

Answer 22

gap junctions

Question 23

what plasma membrane modification are projections made of microtubules that sweep substances along outer surface of the cell?

Answer 23

cilia

Question 24

what plasma membrane modification are projections composed of microfilaments that increase surface area for nutrient absorption?

Answer 24

microvilli

Question 25

true or false: epithelial cells can reproduce

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what are the two criteria used to classify epithelial tissue?

Answer 26

shape and number of layers

Question 27

what are the 4 shapes of epithelial tissue?

Answer 27

squamous cuboidal columnar pseudostratified columnar

Question 28

what are the names for the different type of layers of epithelial cells?

Answer 28

simple stratified

Question 29

what epithelial cells are flat, saclike cells?

Answer 29

squamous

Question 30

what epithelial cells are boxlike and approximately the same width and height?

Answer 30

cuboidal

Question 31

what epithelial cells are elongated and column-shaped?

Answer 31

columnar cells

Question 32

what kind of epithelial cells are of varying heights?

Answer 32

pseudostratified columnar cells

Question 33

what kind of layer of epithelial cells is one layer of cells?

Answer 33

simple

Question 34

what kind of layer of epithelial cells are two or more layers of cells?

Answer 34

stratified

Question 35

stratified tissues are named based on the shape of cells in the ______ _______?

Answer 35

apical layer

Question 36

what is the most abundant and widespread tissue in the human body?

Answer 36

connective tissue

Question 37

what are the 4 functions of connective tissue?

Answer 37

binding/support protection insulation transportation

Question 38

what embryonic tissue do all connective tissues arise from?

Answer 38

mesenchyme

Question 39

connective tissues may be _______ to varying degrees or _______

Answer 39

vascularized avascularized

Question 40

what is a nonliving tissue between the cells that allows these connective tissues to withstand greater stress than other tissues?

Answer 40

extracellular matrix

Question 41

what are the 3 important structural elements of connective tissues?

Answer 41

ground substance fibers cells

Question 42

what structural element of connective tissues fills the spaces b/w cells and contains fibers, is composed mainly of glycoproteins and polysaccharides, and can be a liquid or gel-like or very hard?

Answer 42

ground substance

Question 43

what structural element of connective tissues provides support and has 3 types?

Answer 43

fibers

Question 44

what are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissues?

Answer 44

collagen elastic reticular

Question 45

what fiber type is composed of protein, provides high tensile strength (longitudinal stress), and are aka white fibers?

Answer 45

collagen

Question 46

what fiber type are long, thin fibers that form a branched network in the matrix, contain elastin, and are found in the skin and lungs and blood vessel walls, and are aka yellow fibers?

Answer 46

elastic fibers

Question 47

what fiber type are short, fine fibers continuous with collagen fibers, and their extensive branching forms networks surrounding small blood vessels and supporting soft tissues of organs?

Answer 47

reticular fibers

Question 48

connective tissue cells are called what?

Answer 48

blast cells

Question 49

what are the 4 types of blast cells?

Answer 49

fibroblasts chondroblasts osteoblasts hematopoietic stem cell

Question 50

what blast cells are connective tissue proper?

Answer 50

fibroblasts

Question 51

what blast cells are cartilage?

Answer 51

chondroblasts

Question 52

what blast cells are bone?

Answer 52

osteoblasts

Question 53

what blast cells are blood?

Answer 53

hematopoietic stem cell

Question 54

what are the 4 classifications of connective tissues?

Answer 54

connective tissue proper cartilage bone blood

Question 55

what is the main component of the nervous system, which regulates and controls body functions?

Answer 55

nervous tissue

Question 56

nervous tissue forms the organs of _____ nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord and the ______ nervous system, including all nerves that emanate from the central nervous system?

Answer 56

central peripheral

Question 57

what are the 2 major types of cells that comprise nervous tissue?

Answer 57

neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)

Question 58

what type of nervous tissue cells are highly specialized, generate and conduct nerve impulses, and are branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions or processes?

Answer 58

neurons

Question 59

what are the two processes of neurons?

Answer 59

axons and dendrites

Question 60

what neuron process transmit signal away from the cell body, are covered in a sheet of fat that increases the speed with which impulses are transmitted?

Answer 60

axons

Question 61

what neuron cells process receives signals and transports signal or between the neuron and effector cells?

Answer 61

dendrites

Question 62

what is the space or junction between 2 neurons or between the neuron and effector cells?

Answer 62

synapse

Question 63

what type of nervous tissue cells insulate and protect neurons and don’t conduct nerve impulses?

Answer 63

neuroglia

Question 64

what type of tissue is responsible for most types of body movement, is highly cellular and well vascularized, has microfilaments (actin and myosin) that allow for movement and contraction?

Answer 64

muscle tissue