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Patho Lab Midterm 2 > Lab 5 > Flashcards

Lab 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New cellular growth that is autonomous (self-controlled) or beyond normal physiological restraints

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2
Q

What causes neoplasia?
What are the two types of mutations?

A

Specific types of genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth
Mutations that impair the normal on/off switches for cellular replication and growth
Mutations that inhibit or impair apoptosis

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3
Q

What are factors that can increase an individual’s risk for developing a specific type of neoplasia?

A

Environmental Factors: UV Exposure
Pre-existing genetic factors

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4
Q

What are the two categories of tumors

A

Benign
Malignant

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of benign tumors?

A

Localized overgrowth of tissue
Does NOT INVADE or metastasize
Closely resembles the tissue of origin (well-differentiated)
Well-circumscribed (Encapsulated), clearly-defined borders

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6
Q

What are characteristics of malignant tumors?

A

Morphologically and functionally different from parent tissue (cell line)
Poorly differentiated
INVASIVE (borders unclear or irregular)
Can metastasize

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7
Q

What is differentiated and how is it described?

A

Differentiation is the degree of resemblance of cells to the mature normal cell of the tissue origin
Described along a specture

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8
Q

What information does the differentiation provide?

A

Malignancy of cancer and the prognosis of treatment

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9
Q

Benign vs Malignant:
Irregular; poorly-defined borders

A

Malignant

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10
Q

Benign or Malignant:
Good Prognosis

A

Benign

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11
Q

Suffix “oma”

A

Benign growth

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12
Q

Suffix “carcinoma”

A

Malignant growth of epithelial origin

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13
Q

Suffix “sacroma”

A

Malignant growth of mesenchymal origin

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14
Q

Prefix “adeno-“

A

neoplastic growth of glandular epithelium

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15
Q

Adenoma: Benign or Malignant

A

Benign

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16
Q

Adenocarcinoma: Benign or Malignant

A

Malignant

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17
Q

What is anaplasia

A

Cellular atypia, lack of differentiation)lead to a lack of normal tissue architecture)

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18
Q

Where on the differentiation spectrum in anaplasia

A

Malignant
Poorly differentiated

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19
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of anaplasia in histological tissue sections

A

Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatism
Atypical Mitosis
Tumor Giants Cells

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20
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

abnormal variation in size or shape of cell and cell nuclei

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21
Q

What is hyperchromatism?

A

enlarged, darkened nuclei (chromatin clumping, large prominent nucleoli)

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22
Q

What is atypical mitosis?

A

Mitotic figures, other cellular abnormalities

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23
Q

What are tumor giant cells?

A

Large bizarre shaped cells, may be multi-nucleated

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24
Q

What is the histologic evidence of malignant tumors

A

Invasion - spread from primary site to adjacent tissues

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25
How do neoplasias spread?
1. Invasion - spread within the primary site or the organ/tissue or origin (local spread) 2. Metastasis - spread to another site/ tissue/ organ (distant spread)
26
3 routes of metastatic spread?
1. Hematogenous (blood vessels) 2. Lymphatic (lymphatic system) 3. Direct seeding / extension (direct contact)
27
What are neoplasms?
solid new growths which occur the blood
28
What is parenchyma?
Proliferating neoplastic cells
29
What is stroma?
Supportive structures Connective tissue and blood vessels
30
What is angiogenesis?
Formation of new blood vessels
31
What is desmoplasia?
Formation of abundant dense connective tissue stroma
32
What does local neoplasia mean?
Swelling Irritation Vascular Damage Organ damage and compromised function
33
Systemic Neoplasia
Paraneoplastic syndromes Hypercalcemia Anorexia, weight loss, and cachexia Tumor hormones secretions
34
Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation?
Lymphocytes and macrophages Tumor immunosurveillance Immunotherapy
35
What is tumor immunosurveillance
recognition and destruction of cancer cells by immune system
36
What cells are apart of tumor immunosurveillance?
1. T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cytotoxic) - recognize TSA and lyse tumor cells 2. Natural Killer Cells - can lyse tumor cells without TSA 3. Macrophages and B lymphocytes play minor role
37
What is organ tropism?
Tendency for malignant neoplasias to spread to or target organs; favored soil for growth
38
Examples of Organ Tropism
Breast Cancer --> bone, brain, lung, liver Lung Cancer --> adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver Prostate Cancer --> adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver
39
What is carcinoma in situ?
Marked dysplastic epithelial changes, still confined to the basement membrane (pre-invasive)
40
What are the progressions from dysplasia?
Dysplasia --> Carcinoma in situ --> invasive (malignant) neoplasia
41
What does grading do?
measure degree of differentation of proliferating cells compared to normal tissue
42
Why do we grade cancers?
to help predict the clinical behavior of a malignancy and to establish criteria for therapy and treatment
43
What is staging?
Assessing the extent of cancer spread
44
Why do we stage cancers?
To aid in prognosis, treatment/therapy options
45
What are the factors in scoring system of staging cancers?
Tumor size Presence of lymph node metastasis Presence of distance metastasis
46
TNM system
T: size of primary tumor (T1-T4); T0 = carcinoma in situ N: Regional lymph node spread (N0-N3) M: Presence of distance metastasis (M0-M1)
47
Most common primary malignant bone tumor?
Osteosacroma
48
What is the primary site of osteosarcoma?
Bone
49
Osteosarcoma are most common in
adolescents boys twice as likely than girls elderly
50
What types of bones is osteosarcoma most common in?
Long bones
51
What are the mutations of tumor suppressor genes for osteosarcoma
Rb and p53
52
Where do osteosarcoma commonly metastasize to? Via?
Lung via hematogenous
53
What is chondrosarcoma?
Chondroblastic malignancy
54
Chrondrosarcoma is most common in what age group individuals?
30-60 year olds
55
Are males or females more likely to develop chrondrosarcoma?
Males ( two times more likely)
56
Where do chondrosarcoma metastasize to? via?
Lung (hematogenous) liver, kidney, brain
57
What causes/drives neoplasia?
1. Mutations in normal regulatory genes which turn on/off normal cell growth or mutations that impair/inhibit apoptosis 2. the net result of these types of mutations is increased cell growth and regeneration
58
What are protooncogenes?
Normal genes which promote normal cell growth
59
What are oncogenes?
Altered versions of normal protooncogenes that promote autonomous growth in cancer cells Promote cell growth in absence of normal mitogenic signals
60
What are examples of oncogenes?
erb, ret, myc, ras, sis
61
What are tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
produces proteins which stop/slow cellular proliferation (cell growth and divides to 2 daughter cells)
62
Deletions or mutations of tumor suppressor genes allow for...
excessive cellular proliferation
63
What are examples of tumor suppressor genes?
p53, Rb, BRCA1, BRCA2, APC
64
What are apoptotic genes?
genes that regulate apoptosis, normal apoptotic balance achieved by balance of anti apoptotic and pro-apoptotic genes
65
What is tumor necrosis?
Death of tumor tissue Common in aggressive, fast-growing cancers where cells rapidly outgrow their blood supply resulting in cell death
66
What is the most prevalent cancer in US men?
Prostate Cancer - prostate adenocarcinoma
67
What is the most common benign neoplasm of the breast?
Fibroadenoma
68
What is the most common malignancy in US women?
Breast Cancer
69
What is the most common histological type of breast cancer?
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
70
What is the most common cause of cancer death in the US
Lung Cancer
71
What are the 4 most common histological subtypes of lung cancer?
Squamous cell, Gland forming adenocarcinoma, Small cell carcinoma, Large cell carcinoma
72
Which lung cancers are linked to cigarette smoking?
Squamous cell and small cell carcinomas
73
What is the most common lung cancer among women and non-smokers?
Adenocarcinoma of the lung
74
Approximately 1/3 of all cancer death show metastasis to what area?
Lungs
75
3 most common types of skin cancer?
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma 2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma 3. Malignant Melanoma
76
What is the most prevalent skin cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
77
Are basal cell carcinoma's metastatic
not highly
78
What type of people is basal cell carcinoma most common in?
fair-skinned people
79
What is the second most prevalent skin cancer?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
80
Is squamous cell carcinoma metastatic?
not highly
81
Are Malignant melanoma metastatic?
Highest metastatic potential
82
What is leukemia?
neoplastic disorders of uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stems cells
83
Where does leukemia originate from?
bone marrow, malignant cells spill into peripheral circulation
84
How are leukemia's classified on
based on malignant cell maturity and cell type
85
What are the two types of cell maturity
1. Acute leukemias 2. Chronic Leukemias
86
What are acute leukemias
involve more blast, immature cells, more poorly differentiated
87
What are chronic leukemias
more mature cells involved, more well differentiated
88
What are the two cell types of leukemia
1. Lymphocytic leukemias (T and B lymphocytes) 2. Myelogenous leukemias (granulocytes and monocytes)
89
What is the most common adulthood leukemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
90
What is an indication of leukemia on a histological slide?
Smudge cells
91
What are potential consequences of all leukemias
1. Severe anemias 2. Bleeding disorders 3. Leukopenia (decreased WBC)
92
What is a lymphoma?
malignant neoplasm of cells native to lymphoid tissue, predominantly lymph nodes most involve B lymphocytes
93
How are lymphomas classified?
based on pattern of spread
94
What are the two patterns of spread of lymphomas
1. Spreads contiguously 2. Spreads non-contiguously
95
Is Hodgkin Lymphoma and contiguously or non-contiguously spread
Contiguously
96
Is non- hodgkin Lymphoma and contiguously or non-contiguously spread
non-contiguously
97
What is the malignant cell in contiguous lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg cell
98
What is the malignant cell in non-contiguous lmyphoma
malignant lymphoid cell other than Reed-Sternberg
99
What is the most common malignancy in young adults?
Hodgkin Lymphoma
100
What are the potential consequences of lymphomas?
Lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement) Elevated WBC count Infection Weight loss Fever Malaise

Patho Lab Midterm 2 (1 decks)

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