Lab 5 - Urinary Sys Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
The urinary sys consists of:
A
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
2
Q
Where are the kidneys located
A
the posterior wall of the abdomen and partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth pairs of ribs
3
Q
What vessel carries blood to the kidneys
A
the renal artery
4
Q
how much blood does the renal artery carry
A
~1200ml of blood/min
5
Q
Where does the renal artery connect to the kidney
A
Renal Hilus
6
Q
Renal Hilus
A
where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter connect to the kidney
7
Q
how much does the kidney filter
A
~180L/day
8
Q
What do the kidneys do
A
- filter fluid from the bloodstream
- remove wastes
- recycle needed substances back to the body
9
Q
Where does filtered blood exit the kidney?
A
Renal Vein
10
Q
Where do the collected wastes leave the kidney
A
the ureter towards the muscular bladder
11
Q
where are wastes from the kidneys stored before being exreted
A
the bladder
12
Q
Through what are wastes from the kidneys excreted through?
A
the urethra
13
Q
how much urine is produced in a day
A
~1-2L/day
14
Q
Blood is filtered in the _____ __________ to produce ________ in the __________ _______
A
in the renal corpuscle
produce filtrate
in the glomerular capsule
15
Q
What is blood filtered though to produce filtrate?
A
renal corpuscles
16
Q
What is produced when blood is filtered through renal corpuscles and where is it
A
produces filtrate in the glomerular capsule
17
Q
After being filtered through nephron loops, where is urine carried from and to?
A
- from the collecting ducts
- through the minor and major calyces
- to a large cavity in the centre of the kidney called the renal pelvis
- which continues into the ureter
- which leave the body at the hilus to the bladder
18
Q
Renal Pelvis
A
the large cavity in center of kidney
19
Q
What is the functional unit of the kidneys
A
the nephron
20
Q
How does surface area tie in with kidney function?
A
Once the large renal artery enters the kidney, it divides into smaller vessels that carry blood to one of about a million glomeruli, one for each nephron of the kidney.
This generates a large surface area for the
process of urine formation
21
Q
Nephrons produce urine through 3 main processes:
A
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
22
Q
where does filtration begin
A
when blood enters the glomerular capillaries
23
Q
What can pass through the filtration membrane of the wall of the glomerulus
A
water
glucose
nitrogenous wastes (eg. urea)
some ions
other small substances
24
Q
How does filtration work
A
high capillary pressures in the glomerular capillaries push small substances like water, glucose, nitrogenous wastes, etc. through the filtration membrane formed on the wall of the glomerulus.
25
What is retained during filtration under normal conditions
blood cells
proteins
macromolecules
26
Glomerular Filtration Rate:
- the rate at which materials are filtered through the kidney during urine formation.
- Altering the glomerular filtration rate alters the quantity of filtrate (and, ultimately, urine)
produced.
27
Reabsorption
is a process in which **substances the body needs**, such as glucose and water, **re-enter the blood from the filtrate** to prevent them from being eliminated in urine.
28
What types of things are reabsorbed?
glucose and water
29
Where does the process of filtration begin
in the **proximal convoluted tubule**, which is where **majority of the tubular reabsorption occurs**, but does occur throughout the length of the nephron
30
Where does majority of the tubular reabsorption occur?
in the proximal convoluted tubule
31
Reabsorbed substances enter the (to the back into blood)
Peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubules
32
Secretion
- is a process by which **substances move from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate**.
- This process **allows additional wastes** and other materials that were not passed into the filtrate during filtration, **to leave the body in the urine**
33
Kidneys and pH?
excretes varying amounts of **hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions to help **regulate pH of the blood**
34
In order to retain most of the ions/small molecules, like glucose/amino acids, cells in the tubules of the nephron use ______ _______... why?
**Active transport**
- to pull the molecules out of the filtrate **against their concentration gradient**
35
Which process does urea use to move in and out of blood in the kidneys?
**passive transport**
**facilitated diffusion**
direction depends on concentration of solutes in filtrate and blood
36
Which process does water use to move in and out of blood in the kidneys?
**passive transport**
**osmosis**
direction depends on concentration of solutes in filtrate and blood
37
The amount of urine formed is controlled by
hormonal control
38
How is urine formation adjusted
hormonal control
according to body's needs in order to maintain **fluid/electrolyte homeostasis**
39
ADH
**Antidiuretic hormone**
- produced in the **hypothal**
- secreted by **posterior pituit gland**
- controls the **reabsorption of water** by the collecting ducts and preventing large swins in water balance, dehydration, and water overload
40
What can ADH prevent
large swings in water balance, dehydration, water overload
41
High ADH causes
**increase** in the **reabsorption of water** **reducing the volume** of urine production but **increasing concentration**
42
What is the relationship between urine volume and urine concentraion?
they have an **inverse relationship**
higher ADH levels
- increase water reabsorption, leading to **low urine vol** but **high concentration
low ADH levels
- decrease water reabsorption, leading to **high urine vol** but **low concentration**
43
Low ADH causes
low reabsorption of water, leading to **large amount of dilute urine**
44
release of ADH is regulated by
**osmolarity** of blood
45
osmolarity of blood
concentration of solutes
46
High osmolarity reflects...
which leads to...
low available water, leading to **release of ADH**
47
Low osmolarity occurs when...
leading to...
water is abundant, leading to **reduction of ADH release**
48
What can trigger ADH release?
- pain
- low BP
- certain drugs (nicotine, morphine, barbiturates)
49
What can inhibit ADH release?
alcohol
50
Aldosterone
- produced by **cortex of adrenal gland**
- helps **maintain correct concentrations of sodium/potassium ions** in the extracellular fluids.
51
Aldosterone primary targets
the distal parts of the nephrons
- stimulates **reabsorption of Na ions, and thus water**
- **promotes K excretion**
52
3 categories of **basic urinalysis**
- physical characteristics
- chemical composition
- sediments
53
Physical Characteristics in Urinalysis
- color/transparency
- specific gravity
- pH
- volume
54
Where does urine get its color
**Urochrome**
- a yellow pigment produced when **hemoglobin is broken down**
55
Normal color of urine
**yellow/amber color**
comes from **urochrome pigment**
56
Turbidity
cloudiness/hazieness
57
Turbidity in urine indicates
alkaline urine
this may be associated with a bacterial infection of urinary tract
58
Normal specific gravity of urine
1.005-1.035
59
specific gravity expressed as numeric val and defined as
weight of urine for a standard vol / weight of water for a standard vol
60
low specific gravity (dilute urine) may occur in
patients with diabetes insipidus
in diseased that damage the renal tubules, thus interfere w/ kidneys ability to concentrate urine
61
Diabetes insipidus caused by
caused by inadequate ADH secretion or failure of kidney tubules to respond to ADH
62
high specific gravity (concentrated urine) most commonly found in
dehydration
excessive water loss (sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea)
63
if specific gravity is low, urine is
dilute
64
if specific gravity is high, urine is
concentrated
65
normal urine pH
slightly acidic ~6
varys from 4.5-8.0
66
what can alter urine pH
- diet
- medications
- pathological condition
67
volume of urine produced depends on factors such as...
- hydration
- activities
- environmental factors
- weight of individual
- drugs
- hormones
- individs health
68
average production of urine
1-2L/day
69
Polyuria
producing excessive urine (>2.5L/day)
70
oliguria
producing <400mL/day
not enough urine
71
Chemical Composition in Urinalysis
- glucose
- protein
- ketones
- bilirubin
- urobilinogen
- nitrite
- blood
72
glycosuria
excess glucose in urine
73
what can glycosuria indicate
diabetes mellitus
74
Proteinuria
protein in the urea
75
higher levels of protein in urine indicates
diseases such as **renal disease** or **glomerulonephritis**
OR non-kidney diseases such as **HTN** or **HR**
76
what causes proteinuria
increase permeability of the glomerular filter due to disease
77
Ketonuria
ketones in urine
78
ketones may appear in urine as the result of
carbohydrate deficient diets
79
what are Ketones and how produced?
when the body lack glucose to break down, it turns to its fat stores for energy
the **metabolism of fats produces ketone bodies as a waste product**
80
Ketonuria is an important signal of
body stress, as it occurs in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, excessive insulin therapy, or carbohydrate metabolic malfunctions such as
- starvation
- increased body metabolism (eg. vomiting, diarrhea, fever, pregnancy, lactation, trauma)
81
Bilirubin in urine indicates
possible gallstone in bile duct, or cancerous growth in bowel or liver
- prevents bilirubin from being expelled
- blood lvls rise
may also be present in urine when
- **liver is damaged by hepatitis or cirrhosis**, and cannot produce bile
82
Bilirubin is formed when
**hemoglobin is broken down** by phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen
transported to liver and excreted via bile passages into intestine
83
Urine bilirubin measurement is particularly effective in monitoring
course of hepatitis
84
Urobilinogen is produced
**in the intestine** when **bilirubin** from bile is **reduced** to urobilinogen **by action of intestinal bacteria**
85
Urobilinogen in urine could indicate
liver disease
- hepatitis/cirrhosis
hemolysis
**bile duct blockage**
**high lvls** can indicated **excessive RBC breakdown**
86
Nitrite in Urine could indicate
urinary pathogens (bacteria) present in signif #'s
87
hemoturia
whole erythrocytes in urine
88
hemoglobinuria
hemoglobin from destroyed, hemolyzed RBCs in urine
89
Myoglobinuria
myoglobin from muscle tissue in urine
90
Sediments in Urinalysis
- cells
- crystals
- casts
- other components
91
Casts
roughly cylindrical structures made up of precipitated protein/other material
92
Hyaline casts
consisting entirely of protein, are common in healthy urine but are difficult to see
93
Cellular Casts
formed when cells present in the tubules become trapped in hardening protein
formed from RBCs, WBCs, or epithelial cells
- usually indicative of renal disease if present in large #s
94
Granular Casts
difficult to identify broken down cellular casts
95
Waxy Cast
fully disintegrated cellular casts
96
