Lab 6: Muscoskeletal

Question 1

What bones make up the pelvis of the chicken

Answer 1

Ilium, ischium and pubis.

Question 2

Compare flexion vs extension

Answer 2

Flexion is the decrease of joint angle whereas extension is increase in joint angle

Question 3

What are the similarities and differences between bird and human thigh

Answer 3

Both have a femur going from hip joint to knee joint. For bird however it is hidden from view, tucked close to the bird so lower limb appears from the knee joint.

Question 4

What are the similarities and differences between bird and human shank

Answer 4

Shank means knee joint to ankle joint. Human has separate tibia, fibula ankle then tarsus. But Bird has a fused tibia and fibula (partly) and the tarsus to make : Tibiotarsus

Question 5

What is the tarsometarsus on bird and equivalent in humans

Answer 5

Tarsometarsus is the large bone after the intertarsal joint to the phalanges. In humans this would be the metatarsals from the tarsals from the ankle to the toes.

Question 6

What is between the skin of the chicken and the muscle

Answer 6

Superficial fascia: weak layer of CT + Deep fascia: thin layer of connective tissue.

Question 7

What is the origin, insertion, human equivalent of the lateral iliotibular muscle

Answer 7

Origin: Ilium
Insertion: Tibiotarsus
Equivalent: Gluteus maximus

Question 8

What is the origin, insertion, human equivalent of the gastrocnemius muscle

Answer 8

Origin: Femur
Insertion: Tarsometatarsus
Equivalent: Gastrocnemius

Question 9

What are the key features/muscles seen on the lateral side vs medial side

Answer 9

Lateral: Lateral iliotibular, iliofibular, fibrous sling.
Medial: Lateral and Medial knee flexor, accessory muscle

Question 10

What is the origin, insertion, human equivalent of medial knee flexor

Answer 10

Origin: Ischium
Insertion: tibiotarsus (and tarsometatarsus)
Equivalent: Semitendinosis

Question 11

What is the origin, insertion, and human equivalent of lateral knee flexor

Answer 11

Origin: Ilium
Insertion: tibiotarsus (and tarsometatarsus)
Equivalent: Semimembranosis

Question 12

What is the movement at hip joint and knee joint of the lateral and medial knee flexors

Answer 12

none at the hip because doesn’t cross there but flexion of the knee.

Question 13

What is the origin, insertion and function of accessory muscle

Answer 13

Origin: femur
Insertion: lateral knee flexor
Function: stabilises lateral knee flexor

Question 14

What is the function, human equivalent and location of the fibrous sling

Answer 14

Function: to prevent bow stringing of the muscle
Location: on the fibula, around tendon of teh iliofibular muscle.
Equiv: short head of biceps femoris

Question 15

What is the function, human equivalent and location of the fibrous sling

Answer 15

Function: to prevent bow stringing of the muscle by moving the point of attachement closer to the joint.
Location: on the fibula, around tendon of the iliofibular muscle.
Equiv: short head of biceps femoris

Question 16

What is the most posterior edge of the thigh from the medial surface

Answer 16

lateral knee flexor.

Question 17

Describe the shared tendon of the lateral and medial knee flexor muscle

Answer 17

It has a large thin ribbon like aponeurosis that inserts on the tibiotarsus and a smaller posterior part which joins a dense fibrous fascia on the surface of the medial side of the shank. (this fascia later becomes equiv of achilles tendon).

Question 18

Compare the relative point of origin of the lateral knee flexor and medial knee flexor

Answer 18

The origin of the lateral knee flexor is dorsal to the origin of the medial knee flexor

Question 19

Compare the effect of contraction of short and long head of the biceps femoris on the hip and knee joint

Answer 19

Extension of the hip is caused by contraction of long head but not short head.
Flexion of knee is caused by contraction of both muscles.

Question 20

Why is the iliofibular muscle inserted on the chicken fibular close to the knee joint

Answer 20

It allows contraction to cause a large amplitude movement at the knee but reduces power.

Question 21

Compare synergist and antagonist and give example

Answer 21

Synergist: muscles that aid the action of another muscle (ie iliofibular + lat/med knee flexors)
Antagonist: muscles that oppose the action of another muscle: (ie quadrocepts)

Question 22

Describe the hamstring muscles of the human thigh: compartment, nerve supply

Answer 22

Posterior compartment muscles: posterior + lateral biceps femoris + medial semimembranosus and semitendinosus.
Nerve supply: sciatic nerve

Question 23

What are biarticulate muscles and eg

Answer 23

They cross two joints (hip and knee) and mean that the relative position of each joint can affect the other. EG are the all the hamstring muscles except the short head of biceps femoris

Question 24

List the 6 phases of the gait cycle starting from heel strike

Answer 24

heel strike, foot flat, mid stance, push off, toe off and mid swing.

Question 25

What phases of the gait cycle have the most contraction from hamstring

Answer 25

heel strike, foot flat and a little in mid stance.

Question 26

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment trying to achieve at hip joint and knee during phases of contraction in the gait cycle

Answer 26

HS: decelerate the swing limb from the hip joint. Position the knee and the leg
FF: brace the hip to stop it from buckling.