Lab 6. Vertebrate Design

Question 1

3 things all members of Infraphylum Vertebrata possess

Answer 1

1. Neural crest cells
2. Ectodermal Placodes
3. Vertebrae surrounding nerve cord (axial support)

Question 2

Some functions of integument (know as many as you can but not word for word)

Answer 2

• Protection from chemical injury, infection, desiccation
• Protection from mechanical injury
• Protection from predation
• Reception/transduction of stimuli
• Movement of materials for nutrition, excretion and respiration
• Body temp. regulation
• Locomotion
• Colouration for cryptic or display purposes

Question 3

3 main layers of the skin

Answer 3

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis

Question 4

What is dermis?

Answer 4

Layer of vascularized connective tissue beneath dermis

Question 5

What is hypodermis?

Answer 5

When present, located between dermis and deeper tissues

Question 6

3 main functions of cartilage and bone

Answer 6

1. Muscle attachment
2. Skeletal support
3. Absorption and storage of mechanical energy during locomotion

Question 7

3 types of vertebrate muscles

Answer 7

1. Striated (skeletal)
2. Smooth (involuntary)
3. Cardiac (heart)

Question 8

What is striated muscle?

Answer 8

Responsible for gross movement (locomotion)

Question 9

What is smooth muscle?

Answer 9

Occurs in skin and lining of gut, blood vessels and reproductive tract

Question 10

All animals are what in terms of food acquisition?

Answer 10

Heterotrophs (aka. must consume other organisms or their products to meet nutritional requirements)

Question 11

Vertebrates all have what kind of circulatory system?

Answer 11

Closed

Question 12

4 things included in vertebrate blood

Answer 12

1. Plasma
2. Erythrocytes
3. Leucocytes
4. Platelets

Question 13

What is plasma?

Answer 13

Water and dissolved gasses, salts, nutrients and proteins

Question 14

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 14

Transport O2 and CO2

Question 15

What are leucocytes?

Answer 15

Function primarily in immunity

Question 16

What are platelets?

Answer 16

Function in blood clotting

Question 17

3 possible types of respiration

Answer 17

1. Cutaneous
2. Gills
3. Lungs

Question 18

Using 2 methods of breathing simultaneously

Answer 18

Bimodal breathing

Question 19

Definition of excretion

Answer 19

Elimination of metabolic waste products from an animal’s body (we’re gonna focus on nitrogenous waste)

Question 20

Definition of osmoregulation

Answer 20

Regulation of the balance of water and solutes

Question 21

Definition of isosmotic

Answer 21

Organism having same osmotic pressure than its environment

Question 22

Definition of hypoosmotic

Answer 22

Organism having lower osmotic pressure than its environment (most marine vertebrates - need water conservation)

Question 23

Definition hyperosmotic

Answer 23

Organism having higher osmotic pressure than its environment (freshwater vertebrates - need to get rid of excess water)

Question 24

3 types of kidney

Answer 24

1. Pronephros
2. Mesonephros
3. Metanephros

Question 25

Pronephros definition

Answer 25

- Most primitive kidney structure/first stage of kidney development - Functional only in embryos of fishes + amphibians (and adults of ancient fishes) - Usually excrete ammonia and have minimal need for water conservation - Few nephrons

Question 26

Mesonephros definition

Answer 26

- Second stage of kidney development - Functional kidney during embryonic development in amniotes and in most adult fishes and amphibians - More nephrons than pronephros

Question 27

Metanephros definition

Answer 27

- Functional kidney of adult reptiles, birds and mammals - High need for water conservation + higher metabolism - Excrete urea or uric acid - Large number of nephrons

Question 28

3 functions of nervous/sensory systems

Answer 28

1. Perceive external environment and transmit info to organism 2. Participate in regulation of internal environment 3. Storage site for information

Question 29

Vertebrate brain has 3 regions meaning it is:

Answer 29

Tripartite

Question 30

3 parts of Vertebrate brain

Answer 30

1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain

Question 31

4 parts of forebrain in adults

Answer 31

1. Cerebrum 2. Olfactory bulb 3. Thalamus 4. Hypothalamus

Question 32

Midbrain part

Answer 32

Optic lobe

Question 33

3 parts of hindbrain

Answer 33

1. Cerebellum 2. Pons 3. Medulla oblongata

Question 34

Another name for forebrain

Answer 34

Prosencephalon

Question 35

Another name for midbrain

Answer 35

Mesencephalon

Question 36

Another name for hindbrain

Answer 36

Rhombencephalon

Question 37

Cerebrum function

Answer 37

Higher brain function

Question 38

Olfactory bulb function

Answer 38

Smell

Question 39

Thalamus function

Answer 39

Sensory relay

Question 40

Hypothalamus function

Answer 40

Regulation of functions like temperature

Question 41

Optic lobe function

Answer 41

Reflex response coordination to visual, tactile and auditory input

Question 42

Cerebellum function

Answer 42

Coordination of motor activity

Question 43

Pons function

Answer 43

Connection of various regions of brain, regulation of breathing

Question 44

Medulla oblongata function

Answer 44

Reflex centre for breathing and cardiovascular function

Question 45

4 categories of sense organs

Answer 45

1. Chemoreceptors 2. Mechanoreceptors 3. Photoreceptors 4. Thermoreceptors

Question 46

External fertilization definition

Answer 46

Egg and sperm unite outside of female

Question 47

Internal fertilization definition

Answer 47

Egg and sperm unite inside of female

Question 48

Oviparous definition

Answer 48

Eggs laid outside of female

Question 49

Ovoviviparous definition

Answer 49

Eggs hatch inside of female and young are born alive

Question 50

Viviparous definition

Answer 50

Live birth