Lab

Question 1

all flat maps contain distortions of properties such as ____,_____,______

Answer 1

scale-distance and area
shape
direction

Question 2

Map Scale:

Which one is more large scale?
1:10,000 or 1:250,000

Smaller the scale, the _______ the proportion of land that is visible

Answer 2

1:10,000
larger the denominator, the smaller the map scale

larger/lower level of detail

Question 3

Azimuth vs. Bearing

Answer 3

based on clockwise angles measured from the north end of any meridian
ex: 135 degrees

use of quadrant letter to enclose angles measures from nearest end of meridian
ex: S 45 degrees E

Question 4

Bearing: N 45 degrees E

Azimuth:?

Answer 4

45

Question 5

Azimuth: 135 degrees

Bearing:

Answer 5

S 45 degrees E

Question 6

magnetic declination

how to correct

Answer 6

the different in angle from true north and magnetic south

. to correct you either add or subtract the current date’s magnetic declination angle from an azimuth value

Question 7

Grid North

Answer 7

differs from true north because meridians converge towards poles while UTM grid units are squares

Question 8

Define Isolines:

Isobars:
Isotherms:
Isohyets:
topographic contours:

Answer 8

pressure
temp
rainfall
land elevation

Question 9

Define interpolation

Answer 9

adding isolines to a map on which data consist of a sampling of regularly spaced or randomly scattered points

Question 10

gradient

Answer 10

is a line along which the value of some measureable variable changes and the rate of change per unit of distance is greater for steep gradients and less for gentle gradients

Question 11

Vertical Exageration

How to calculate?

Answer 11

the horizontal scale and the vertical scale are not necessarily the same on a profile graph, therby causing what is refered to as

obtained by deviding the horizontal scale by vertical scale

Question 12

profile

Answer 12

is the term used for 2-dimensional representation of a vertical cross section through a 3 dimensional shape, and is normally depicted as a graph of vertical change versus horizontal distance along a transect

Question 13

1:_______ and 1:_______ scales are the most common

Answer 13

50,000 and 250,000

Question 14

Most of Canada is mapped using ______ ______ ______

Answer 14

National Topographic Series(NTS)

Question 15

Topography maps

Answer 15

to portray the visible characterisitcs of the landscape surface, including the natural features such as landforms, water bodies and streams as well as major components built by humans

Question 16

UTM

Answer 16

Because the globe is 360° in circumference, a division into sixty vertical zones gives each zone the width of 6° of longitude. By international usage these zones have been numbered 1 to 60. Sixteen of the zones, bearing numbers 7 to 22, cover Canada (see Figure 2)

Question 17

How to map reference a map with numbers: how to find the location of a church on grids

Answer 17

To arrive at a map reference for the church shown in Figure 1, we would first note the numbering of the lines that form the west and south of the square. For centuries, mathematicians have given the X coordinate before the Y coordinate; map users follow suit by quoting eastings before northings. Therefore the designation of the square containing the church would be 9194.

To give a reference for the church itself, we must imagine the square divided into 100 smaller squares (ten by ten). Then we estimate by eye that the church is six tenths of the way between lines 91 and 92, and four tenths of the way between lines 94 and 95. Using these figures, we can quote the easting as being 916 and the northing as 944. By convention these are combined into a reference of 916944

The Military Grid Reference System is convenient, but unfortunately reference numbers repeat themselves every 100,000 metres (100 km or about 62 miles). Therefore a method has been devised to identify the 100,000-metre squares by letters which are printed in blue on the face of all NTS maps. This is particularly important in the case of medium- and small-scale maps (1:250 000 and smaller), as unlettered references are ambiguous on a single map. The identifying letters (two of them) are always given before the numbers. Figure 3 shows a reference on a 1:250 000 map (where grid lines are usually identified by a single number).

Here the church would be in square NT99 and more precisely at point NT9293. This reference is still not unique, but the same reference does not occur again for about 2,900 km (1,800 miles). For most purposes this is sufficiently unambiguous.

If, for some reason, a reference is required that is unique in the world, one must look in the margin of the map for the Grid Zone Designation. The zone, which is explained elsewhere, is one of the 60 strips of the projection. The zone number is followed by a letter which gives the general area north or south of the equator in bands of 8 degrees. Therefore the unique designation of the church if it were in the Ottawa area would be 18 T NT9293

Question 18

top of Atmosphere is _____km

Answer 18

.top about 480 km above earths surface

.

Question 19

3 atmospheric criteria

Answer 19

composition, temp, function

Question 20

air pressure

Answer 20

air molecules create it through their motion,size,and numbeer exerting force on all surfaces they come in contact with

gravity pushed down on air, compressing, making it denser near earths surface
-increaseing altutide, density and pressure deacrease

Question 21

chemical composition of atmos: 2

Answer 21

Heterosphere:

• outer atmpsphere from 80-480km alitude
• less than 0.001% of atmospheres mass is here
• region is not uniform, gases are not evenly mixed
• gases sorted by gravity with heavier elements(oxygen,nitrogen) dominant in lower hetero while lightest(hydrogen,helium)are at the margins

Homosphere:

• surface to 80 km altitude
• blend of gases is nearly uniform throughout
• only exception is ozone layer from 19-50km and the variations in water vapour, pollutants
• mostly nitrogen at 78%

Question 22

Temperature criterion

Answer 22

4. Thermosphere
   - 80 to 480km
   - upper limit is thermopausse
   - temperature rises quickly with altitude
   - not “hot” in the way you would expect because the density of molecules is so low there that little actual heat is produced

3.mesophere
.50 to 80km
.outer boundary is mesopause is coldest portion of atmos
.low pressure(low density of molecules)

2.stratosphere\
.18 to 50km
.temps increase with altitude
.stratopause outward bound

1.troposphere
.90% of total mass of atmos and the bulk of all water vapour
.warmer to colder with altitude

Question 23

Temperature vs heat

Answer 23

temp:
.intesnse solar radiation in this portio of the atmosphere excites individual molecules to higher levels of vibration. This kinetic energy, the energy of motion, is the vibrational energy that we measure as Temp

HEAT:
. is created when kinetic energy is transfered between molecules and thus between bodies or substances

Question 24

Normal Lapse rate is about __ degrees C per ___m

vs environmental laspse rate

Answer 24

6. 4 per 1000m

enviro: actual lapse rate for specific places as specific times

Question 25

"The function" atmospheric criterion: 2

Answer 25

1.ionosphere: .outer functional layer, extends throughout the thermosphere and into mesopshere -absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, xrays, and shorter wavelengths of ultraviolet rad changing atoms to positvely charged ions and giving it its name 2. ozonosphere: .portion of stratosphere that contains an increased level of ozone .absorbs shorter wavelengths of UV rad .UV energy converted to heat

Question 26

Why are mean air temperatures at saskatoon below freezing for the months of November through march although shortwave radiation is recieved at ground surface during all of these months?

Answer 26

.Low sun angles in the winter season serve to increase absorption, reflection, and scattering of insolation .Snow covered land surfaces exhibit an albedo effect greater than 80%, meaning that much of the incoming rad is reflected from the surface. the Relatively small portion of incoming rad absorbed at the surface is transformed in latent heat(melting snow and ice) and sensible heat(heating ground surface and air) . Loongwave radiation is large and negative in the winter season; strong radiative cooling of the surface and the air above it all-wave radiation is negative and therefore the ground surface and the air in contactwith it exhibit freezing temperatures

Question 27

Polar Tropopause lat Midlatitude Tropopause lat Equitorial Tropopause latitude

Answer 27

8 11-12 17-18

Question 28

Why does the tropopause move latitude height in response to location: think fairbanks vs. florida keys

Answer 28

Gases in the troposphere above each location responds to the air temperature by expanding or contracting meaning that tje altitude of the tropopause moves up and down Florida keys: gases respond to warmer air temps and expand, thus increasing the altitude of the tropopause/thickness of the troposphere Fairbanks: gases in the troposhphere above fairbanks respond to colder air temps by contracting, thus decreasing the alitude of the tropopause/thickness of troposphere

Question 29

Solar constant rate on atmos is ______

Answer 29

1372 Watts/m squared(2)

Question 30

lithosphere ranges in thickness from about ___-___ km it includes the ____ and uppermost portion of the ______ It is thickest under the _______ and thinnest under the ________

Answer 30

60-150 km crust, mantle Continents ocean basins

Question 31

There are atleast __ seperate segments(______ ______) which are able to move over a soft layer of mantle called the ________

Answer 31

14 lithospheric plates asthenosphere

Question 32

the greatest seismec activity is associated with _______ ______ _______ that are undergoing downwarping(_______) into the asthenosphere

Answer 32

convergent plate boundaries subduction

Question 33

Crustal deformation(______) from tensional and compressional forces can generate _____ and _____

Answer 33

diastophism folds and faults

Question 34

Building of mountains because of tectonic activity is called...

Answer 34

orogeny

Question 35

continents are shifting up to __ cm

Answer 35

6

Question 36

continents are adrift because _______ currents in the ________ and upper mantl provide ________ and ________ forces that push and pull portions of the lithosphere

Answer 36

convection asthenosphere upwelling and downwelling

Question 37

Father of plate tectonics

Answer 37

alfred wegener

Question 38

mid ocean ridges

Answer 38

underwater mmountain systems that form a chain length of 64000 km; 1000km in width

Question 39

seafloor spreading

Answer 39

as upwelling occurs, the new seafloor then moves outward from the ridge as plates pull apart and new crust is formed

Question 40

in the areas of ocean basins farthest from the ______ _____ the oldest sections of oceanic lithosphere are slowly plunging beaaneath continental lithosphere along earths deep _____ ______

Answer 40

midocean ridges(youngest crust in world) ocean trenches

Question 41

Subduction

Answer 41

when one portion of the lithosphere descends beneath the another and dives downward into the mantle -subduction zone .the subduction slab of crust exerts gravitational pull on the rest of the plate-a pull now known to be an important driving force in plate motion -subducted portion travels down into the athensosphere, where it remelts and eventually is recycled as magma, rising again toward the surface through deep fissures and cracks in crustal rock

Question 42

basaltic ocean crust density: continental crust density: What happens when they collide?

Answer 42

3. 0g/cm(-3) 2. 7 g/cm(-3) when they slowly collide, the denser ocean floor will grind beneath the lighter continental crust, thus forming subduction zones -deep ocean trenche coincide with this

Question 43

3 types of boundaries in interacting movements of plat tectonics

Answer 43

1. Convergent boundary . occur in areas of crustal collision and subduction -areas where continental and oceanic lithosphere meet, crust is compressed and lost in destructional process as it move downward into the mantle 2. Divergent Boundary .occur in areas of seafloor spreading, where upwelling material from the mantle forms new seafloor and lithospheric plates spread apart in a constructional process 3. Transform Boundary . occur where plates slide past one another, usually at right angles to a seafloor spreading centre -these are fractures stretching accross the mid ocean ridge system worldwide . as plates move past eachother horizontally they form a type of fault or fracture, in earths crust which is a TRANSFORMATION FAULT -along the fracture zones that intersect ridges, a transform fault occurs only along the fault section that lies between two segments of the fragmented mid-ocean ridge -along the transform fault, the crust moves in the same direction(away from the mid ocean ridge) as the spreading plates -the movement along the transform faults is that of HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT-no new crust is formed or old crust subducted .transformation in direction of fault movement-these faults can be distinguished from other horizontal faults because the movement along one side of the fault line is opposite to movement along the other side -creates new material as seafloor spreads

Question 44

Horizontal Displacement

Answer 44

the movement along the transform faults is that of HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT-no new crust is formed or old crust subducted

Question 45

volcanic hot spots

Answer 45

50-100 active volcanic sites of upwelling material that exists independently of plate boundaries - some produce enough heat for geothermal energy - occur beneath oceanic and continental crust - some are very deep within the lower mantle and do not move as the crust moves

Question 46

give example of hot spot island chain

Answer 46

Hawaii

Question 47

surface relief(3 orders)

Answer 47

.vertical elevation differences upon a surface 1st order: .is the coarsest level of landforms, consisting of the continents and oceans -ocean basins and continental landmasses 2nd order: . the intermediate level of landforms -both on continents and ocean basins -mountain passes, plains, lowlands ex: european alps, Canadian Rockies, canadian sheild in ocean basins- continental rises and slopes, oceanic trenches 3rd order: . most detailed order -inidivudual mountains, cliffs, valleys, hills

Question 48

topography

Answer 48

the general term for the undulations and other variations in the shape of earths surfcae, including its relief -the lay of the land

Question 49

LiDAR used for... DEMs....

Answer 49

studying earths topography -sattelite radar digital elevation models -to display elevation data in digital form

Question 50

ocean basin

Answer 50

are portions of the crust that are entirely below sea level

Question 51

_______ is the measurment of land elevation relative to sea level _______ is the measurement of underwater elevations

Answer 51

hypsometry bathymetry

Question 52

Earths Surface relief features and associated tectonic, seismic, and vollcanic processes: Western USA, Mexico

Answer 52

Margin Type:Transform Type of crust:continental and oceanic Major continental or ocean basin relef features:mountains of gulf of california major regional relief: San Andreas Fault current tectonic, seismic, or valcanic activity: folding and faulting, earthquakes

Question 53

Earths Surface relief features and associated tectonic, seismic, and vollcanic processes:Iceland

Answer 53

Margin Type:Divergent Type of crust:oceanic Major continental or ocean basin relef features:mid-oceanic ridge major regional relief:mid-atlantic ridge current tectonic, seismic, or valcanic activity: hot spot valcanism, earthquakes Note: hot spot volcanism asssociated with divergent plate boundary(ie. Mid-atlantic ridge). Explosive volcanism:lava flows plus pyroclastic sediments(volcanic ash)

Question 54

Earths Surface relief features and associated tectonic, seismic, and vollcanic processes:East Africa

Answer 54

Margin Type: Divergent Type of crust:Continental Major continental or ocean basin relef features: Continental Rift Valley major regional relief: East African Rift Valleys current tectonic, seismic, or valcanic activity: Volcanism, earthquakes

Question 55

Earths Surface relief features and associated tectonic, seismic, and vollcanic processes:Hawaii

Answer 55

Margin Type: N.A Type of crust: Oceanic Major continental or ocean basin relef features: Volcanic Island arc major regional relief: Hawaii Islands current tectonic, seismic, or valcanic activity: hot spot volcanism, earthquakes Note: Hot spot Volcanism,Effusive volcanism produces enormous shield volcanoes; has created volcanic island arc

Question 56

Earths Surface relief features and associated tectonic, seismic, and vollcanic processes: India, Nepal, Tibet, China

Answer 56

Margin Type: Convergent Type of crust: Continental Major continental or ocean basin relef features: orogenic mountain belt major regional relief:Himalayan Mountains current tectonic, seismic, or valcanic activity: Earthquakes

Question 57

Earths Surface relief features and associated tectonic, seismic, and vollcanic processes:Japan

Answer 57

Margin Type: Convergent Type of crust:oceanic Major continental or ocean basin relef features: volcanic island chain major regional relief: Japanese Islands current tectonic, seismic, or valcanic activity: subduction, volcanism, earthquakes Note: Oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere generates magma that is erupted explosively to create composite volcanoes composed of lava flows and puroclstic sediments. Valcanims has created a volcanic island arc

Question 58

Earths Surface relief features and associated tectonic, seismic, and vollcanic processes:Russia

Answer 58

Margin Type:convergent Type of crust:continental Major continental or ocean basin relef features: orogenic mountain belt major regional relief: Ural Mountains current tectonic, seismic, or valcanic activity: None

Question 59

create fluvial landscapes through the ongoing _____, ______, and _______ of materials in a downstream direction

Answer 59

erosion, transport, deposition

Question 60

The energy of a stream to accomplish this geomorphic workd depends on a 3 main factors: ______,_____ ____, and ______ of flow(discharge) explain each

Answer 60

Gradient: .degree of inclination/gradient/channel slope .the drop in elevation per unit distance, usually measured in meters per km .affectts its energy nd ability to move material; in particular, it affects the velocity of the flow Base Level: .the level below which a stream cannot erode its valley . ULTIMATE base level=sea level, average level between tides .Local Base level(or temporary one)=may determine the lower limit of local or regional stream erosion Stream Discharge: .a mass of water situated above base level in a stream has potential energy, as water flows downslope or downstream, under the influence of gravity, this energy becomes kinetic. . the rate of this conversion from potential to kinetic energy determines the ability of a stream to do geomorphic work .Dishcarge= volume of flow per unit of time - Q=wdv (expressed in m^3 x s^-1) -cubic meters per second w= channel width d=channel depth v=stream velocity

Question 61

a river generally has a ________ slope nearer the headwaters and a more ______ slope downstream

Answer 61

steeper gradual

Question 62

Exotic Stream

Answer 62

different then most streams because high potential evapotranspiration rates in arid regions can cause discharge to decreaase with distance downstream,often made worse by use in irrigation -happens when a stream originated in humid area but travels through arid area

Question 63

Perennial Streams

Answer 63

flow all year, fed by snowmelt, rainfall, groundwater, or some combination of those sources

Question 64

Ephermeral Streams

Answer 64

flow only after precipitation events and are not connected to groundwater systems -years may pass between flow events in these usually dry stream channels

Question 65

hydrograph

Answer 65

a graph of stream dicharge over time for a specific location

Question 66

as stream discharge _______, so does the elevation(gage height or stage) or the water surface

Answer 66

increases

Question 67

rating curve

Answer 67

a streams rating curve related to stream discharge to gage height

Question 68

Hydraulic Action

Answer 68

is a type of erosive work performed by flowing water alone, a squeeze-and- release action that loosens and lifts rocks -maximized at upstream tributaries where little sediment exists and is trubulent flow

Question 69

Describe: Headward erosion Channel Incision

Answer 69

process where streams lengthen their channels upstream process where streams deepen their channel their channel

Question 70

stream aggradation

Answer 70

if the sediment load exceeds a streams capacity, sediment accumulates in the bed and the stream channel builds up through deposition

Question 71

point bar

Answer 71

inner portion of each meandering curve is sibject to the fastest water velocity, it undergoes the greatest erosive action or scouring, the inner portion of the meander experiences lower velocity and thus a ZONE OF FILL that results in a ...

Question 72

alluvium

Answer 72

the general term for the unconsolidated clay silt sand and gravel deposited by running water fluvial deposition is when streams deposit alluvium

Question 73

the active margin of the pacific ocean along north and south america is an example of a _____ coastline the active margin of the atlanctic ocean and gulf coastal plains along N.A is an example of a _____ coastline

Answer 73

erosional -rugged, high relief, tectonically active depositional -relief is gentle, abudnat sediment from river systems

Question 74

Eolian Deposition is formed by th e _____

Answer 74

wind

Question 75

An extensive area of windblown sand is an ____

Answer 75

ERG

Question 76

Stoss side= leeward side=

Answer 76

windward-gently sloped slipface-more steeply sloped

Question 77

the angle of the _____ is the steepest angle at which loose material is stable- the angle of ______

Answer 77

slipface repose

Question 78

dunes classified by three general shapes

Answer 78

1. crescentic 2. linear 3. massive star dunes

Question 79

the projection type used for topographic maps is _____

Answer 79

utm

Question 80

Saying used for Eastings and Northings

Answer 80

Determine your easting first, and then find your northing. (In the house, then up the stairs.) Always measure over to the east and then up to the north. In other words, find the easting, then the northing.

Question 81

morphometry

Answer 81

the process of measuring the external shape and dimensions of landforms, living organisms, or other objects

Question 82

sinuous/convoluted

Answer 82

many curves or turns

Question 83

an ______ is formed by a meander neck being cut through, and sediment deposited to seal off the eneds of the cut

Answer 83

oxbow abandoned river channel

Question 84

Describe each dune form: Barchan Transverse Parabolic Longitudinal Barachnoid ridge Longitudinal Star dune Dome Star Dune Reversing

Answer 84

Refer to page taken out

Question 85

With excess sediment, a stream might become a maze of interconnected channels that form a _____ _____

Answer 85

braided stream - occurs when reduced discharge lowers a streams transporting ability - often occur in glacial environmentals

Question 86

______ stream is a sinuous snakelike form weaving back and forth

Answer 86

meandering | -path of least effort

Question 87

undercut bank

Answer 87

greatest erosive action on outside of meandering curve which forms steep undercut bank

Question 88

alluvial fans

Answer 88

prominent cone-shaped deposits of fluvial sediments - occurt commonly at the mouth of a canyon where ephermeral stream channel exits the mountains into a flatter valley - happens when water loses velocity coming out of constricted area, dropping layers and layers of sediment

Question 89

roche moutonee

Answer 89

an asymmetrical hill of exposed bedrock -has a characteristic gently sloping upstream side(stoss side) that is polished smooth by glacial action and an abrupt and steep downstream side(lee side) where the glacier plucked rock pieces

Question 90

shape of typical stream cut valley before glaciation = ___. ___ shaped when warmer climate beforces ice to retreat. Arete: cirques: col: horn: bergshrund: Tarn: Pasternoster:

Answer 90

v u SEE TEXT PAPERS

Question 91

earths circumverence

Answer 91

40,075 km

Question 92

latitude of arctic circle

Answer 92

66

Question 93

Barrier spits Beaches Tombolo Bay barrier Lagoon Sea arch Notched cliff Terrace _______ current

Answer 93

Littoral

Question 94

C to kelvin

Answer 94

+273