Lab 7

Question 1

common adverse effects observed in electrolyte formulations are related to what?

Answer 1

the high osmolarity (or osmolality) and/or local irritant effects

Question 2

many drugs and excipients are ____ in the presence of electrolytes and minerals, resulting in _____

Answer 2

INCOMPATIBLE, resulting in PRECIPITATION

Question 3

electrolyte solutions containing sodium, potassium salts of chloride and/or citrate are used to do what?

Answer 3

replenish electrolyte loss that results from dehydration and use of certain diuretics

Question 4

electrolyte solutions can be prepared as ___ or as ____

Answer 4

powders for reconstitution or as concentrated solutions

Question 5

highly hypertonic ORAL preparations must be …………. before administration to avoid _______

Answer 5

must be dissolved or diluted with the appropriate quantity of water before administration to avoid GI EFFECTS

Question 6

hypertonic PARENTERAL solutions must be…………to avoid ………

Answer 6

must be diluted appropriately with IV fluids OR should be administered via large veins (ie: superior vena cava) to avoid LOCAL TISSUE IRRITATION AND OTHER ADVERSE EVENTS

Question 7

____ can occur when highly concentrated electrolyte solutions are mixed with some drugs

Answer 7

incompatibilities such as PRECIPITATION and DEGREDATION

Question 8

osmotic pressure is defined as….

Answer 8

pressure exerted by the molecules and ions present in solution on the SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE

Question 9

osmotic pressure is dependent on…

Answer 9

the number of dissolved particles (molecules and ions) in solution

Question 10

what can you say about the osmotic pressure of NON electrolytes vs electrolytes

Answer 10

non-electrolytes do not dissociate.
therefore, the number of particles that affect osmotic pressure is DIRECTLY and only related to the number of moles

in the case of electrolytes, they dissociate into ions. therefore, osmotic pressure depends on IONIC CONCENTRATION

Question 11

electrolytes dissociate into ions. therefore, osmotic pressure depends on ionic concentration

how is the ionic concentration calculated ??

Answer 11

using the percentage dissociation and molar concentration of the solutions

Question 12

do insoluble ingredients (suspended in the solution) exert osmotic pressure?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

osmotic pressure is recorded in terms of ___ or ___

Answer 13

osmolarity or osmolality

Question 14

define osmolarity

Answer 14

the concentration of osmotically active particles (molecules, ions) per unit VOLUME of SOLUTION (L)

Question 15

define osmolality

Answer 15

the concentration of osmotically active particles (molecules, ions) per unit MASS (kg) of SOLVENT

Question 16

true or false

mass does not change with temperature

Answer 16

true

Question 17

true or false

volume does not change with temperature

Answer 17

FALSE — volume does change with temperature

Question 18

which is more reliable —

osmolarity or osmolality

Answer 18

OSMOLALITY VALUES ARE MORE RELIABLE

this is so because volume changes with temperature while mass does not

Question 19

when are osmolarity and osmolality values used interchangeably?

Answer 19

when the density of the pharmaceutical solution is approximately 1

Question 20

substances that are NOT completely dissociated have a _____ osmotic pressure than those that are 100% dissociated.

WHY

Answer 20

substances that are NOT completely dissociated have a LOWER osmotic pressure than those that are 100% dissociated

this is so because the number of ions (particles) in the product is higher in those substances that are 100% dissociated

Question 21

tonicity is the measure of…..

Answer 21

the osmotic pressure gradient between 2 solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

Question 22

TONICITY IS ONLY INFLUENCED BY…

Answer 22

solutes that cannot cross the semipermeable (plasma) membrane

Question 23

water readily diffuses through the plasma membrane.
why?

Answer 23

to maintain osmotic equilibrium on either side of the membrane

Question 24

in a cell, water moves in and out of the cell between the ___ and the ____ to maintain the osmotic pressure

Answer 24

ECF (extracellular fluid) and ICF (intracellular fluid)

Question 25

the normal osmolality of ICF and blood plasma ranges between____ -_____ mOsm/kg

Answer 25

285-290

Question 26

a solution is isotonic when...

Answer 26

its osmolality is similar to that of blood plasma

Question 27

when the solution is isotonic, explain the movement of water

Answer 27

the movement of water across the cell membrane is at equilibrium and the cell volume and size does not change significantly

Question 28

a solution is hypertonic when....

Answer 28

its osmolality is higher than that of blood plasma water from the cell moves into the solution and the cell decreases in volume and size. the cell will crenate

Question 29

a solution is hypotonic when...

Answer 29

its osmolality is lower than that of blood plasma water from the solution moves into the cell and the cell increases in volume and size. the cell will eventually burst (hemolysis)

Question 30

what can contribute to osmotic pressure and tonicity of a pharmaceutical preparation?

Answer 30

both the API and the excipients

Question 31

hypertonic oral solutions can present issues such as ___ and _____ give examples of specific components that cause these issues

Answer 31

gastric intolerance (sorbitol and iron) and osmotic diarrhea (sorbitol and glycerin)

Question 32

hypertonic injectable solutions can cause..

Answer 32

local irritation, thrombophlebitis, and hemolysis

Question 33

what is the osmolar range for the GI tract?

Answer 33

127-357 mOsm/kg

Question 34

what buffers the medication to a safe pH and osmolar range before it reaches the duodenum? (therefore, for oral solutions less than 700mOsm, there is no serious problem)

Answer 34

saliva, mucus, and gastric juices

Question 35

what organ is exceptionally sensitive to hypertonic solutions and osmolar loads?

Answer 35

the small intestine

Question 36

osmotic diarrhea results due to what?

Answer 36

the movement of water into the gut

Question 37

oral solutions greater than ____mOsm/kg should not be administered undiluted

Answer 37

2000mOsm/kg

Question 38

what are minerals? give 2 examples

Answer 38

minerals are macronutrients essential for body function ex: iron, calcium

Question 39

many mineral supplements are available OTC. the content of these elements in the preparation must be expressed in terms of the elemental content. WHY?

Answer 39

to avoid dosing errors

Question 40

an EQUIVALENT of an element is...

Answer 40

the number of moles of the element that combine with 1 mole of hydrogen

Question 41

the number of equivalents in an element or compound is calculated using ___ or ____

Answer 41

valency or chemical reaction

Question 42

true or false the number of equivalents present in the element is generally equal to its valency

Answer 42

true

Question 43

the number of equivalents present in the COMPUND is generally equal to.....

Answer 43

the highest valency in the molecule