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Pharmacy Practice Lab II > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Increasingly, drug products are designed to deliver drugs via ____

A

The skin

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2
Q

Name 3 factors that must be considered when selecting the base/vehicle for topical products

A

Occlusiveness
Moisturization
Permeability properties

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3
Q

Name 2 diseases that lead to dry skin and a defective skin barrier

A

Atopic dermatitis and eczema

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4
Q

What is essential for the stratum corneum to maintain its flexibility and texture, as well as local enzyme activity ?

A

Moisture

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5
Q

How can transepidermal water loss be reduced?

A

Occlusives and emollients (petroleum and silicone products, vegetable oils and animal fats) penetrate into the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum which seals it and reduces water loss

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6
Q

Humectants are ____ soluble osmotics that rapidly penetrate the skin to increase its water content

A

Water soluble (glycerin, propylene glycol)

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7
Q

When preparing topical products, are preservatives included ?

A

Yes - to prevent microbial growth especially when natural ingredients are used

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8
Q

____ and ____ are used to improve appeal and for cosmetic purposes

A

Fragrances and pigments

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9
Q

Name 4 ingredients that help to remove dead cells and keep the skin smoother and softer

A

Urea, lactic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid

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10
Q

D-panthenol is used to improve ——-

A

Moisturization

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11
Q

Define topical preparations

A

Preparations for external use applied to the skin or their mucous membranes and designed for their LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC effects

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12
Q

Ointment bases are commonly classified into ____ classes based on their composition___

A

4 classes

Oleaginous
Absorption/emulsifiable base
Water removable (oil in water)
Water soluble

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13
Q

Other ingredients are added to the ointment base to contribute to the desired pharmaceutical properties such as,,,,,

A

Consistency, drug release

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14
Q

The ointment base must be compatible with what 3 things?

A

The drug, the tissue of application, and the patient

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15
Q

What is a concern when the preparation is applied over a large area

A

Stability and systemic absorption

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16
Q

Oleaginous ointment bases include….

A

Hydrocarbons and some natural oil products (vegetable fixed oils and animal fats)

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17
Q

Name 2 liquid oleaginous bases, 1 semisolid, and 1 solid

A

Liquid — mineral oil, olive oil

Semisolid — lanolin

Solid — paraffin wax

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18
Q

How is the desired consistency of the ointment base obtained

A

By blending substances of different melting points

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19
Q

Due to their occlusive nature, ointments have…..

A

Better protective action against irritants and body exudations (oozing body fluids) and excretions

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20
Q

What is the concern with bases containing natural oils

A

They may turn rancid (oxidize)

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21
Q

True or false

Hydrocarbons are chemically reactive and unstable

A

False they are chemically inert and stable

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22
Q

Name 4 examples of oleaginous ointment bases

A

White petrolatum
Yellow petrolatum
White ointment
Yellow ointment

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23
Q

Oleaginous bases are good _____ due to their _____ nature

A

Good emollients (soften the skin) due to their occlusive nature (retain skin moisture)

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24
Q

Oleaginous bases are useful vehicles for drugs with poor _____ solubility

A

Aqueous

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25
Q

Are oleaginous bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic

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26
Q

Are oleaginous bases anhydrous or hydrous

A

Anhydrous

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27
Q

Are oleaginous bases easy to spread ? Are they water washable ?

A

Difficult to spread and not water washable

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28
Q

What do absorption bases contain

A

An oleaginous material and a water in oil emulsifier so that they can absorb water to form or expand a water in oil emulsion

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29
Q

What are the types of absorption bases

A

Anhydrous bases that permit incorporation of aqueous solutions to form w/o emulsions and bases that are ALREADY w/o emulsions and permit incorporation of SMALL ADDITIONAL QUANTITIES of aqueous solutions

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30
Q

Why are absorption bases available in anhydrous form

A

So that aqueous solutions of drugs and excipients can be incorporated during compounding

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31
Q

Anhydrous absorption bases can absorb up to _____% of their volume of water to form…..

A

Up to 50% of their volume to form a water in oil emulsion WITHOUT LOSING THEIR CONSISTENCY

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32
Q

Bases that are ALREADY water in oil emulsion bases are ____ and good ____

A

Are occlusive (hood skin moisture) and are good emmolients

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33
Q

Bases that are already w/o emulsions contain a mixture of _______ as emulsifying agents

A

Mixture of natural wool fats or lipophilic surfactants

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34
Q

Absorption bases are good vehicles for that kind of drugs

A

Aqueous solutions, solids, and non hydrolyzable drugs

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35
Q

Which are LESS protective to irritating body exudations and excretions - oleaginous bases or absorption bases ? Why?

A

Absorption bases are less protective due to their hydrophilic nature

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36
Q

Are absorption bases greasy? Are they washable?

A

Greasy but not as greasy as oleaginous bases and are NON washable

37
Q

Explain the drug release properties of absorption bases

A

Poor drug release properties but better than oleaginous bases

38
Q

Are absorption bases viscous ? Are they difficult to spread ?

A

Viscous and comparitively difficult to spread compared to emulsion bases and water miscible bases

39
Q

Give examples of absorption bases

A

Aquaphor, hydrophilic petrolatum, lanolin anhydrous

40
Q

Lanolin containing bases are comparatively ____ stable than those containing hydrocarbons

A

Less stable (turn rancid)

41
Q

Explain how aquaphor is useful

A

Contains a fraction of wool fat alcohols that is hypoallergenic and may be suitable vehicle for lanolin sensitive individuals

42
Q

Water removable bases are ____ in ____ emulsions resembling ____

A

Oil in water resembling creams

43
Q

HIGHLY VISCOUS EMULSION BASES ARE COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS….

A

Creams

44
Q

How are water removable bases water washable

A

They have an aqueous external phase

45
Q

Which are more greasy and occlusive — water removable bases or oleaginous bases

A

Oleaginous

46
Q

What may be done with water removable bases to give them a better cosmetic appearance

A

They may be diluted with water or aqueous solutions

47
Q

What is the most commonly used type of ointment base

A

Water removable

48
Q

Which ointment base can absorb serous discharges

A

Water removable

49
Q

The majority of dermatological drug products are formulated in a ____ or ___ base

A

Emulsion or cream base

50
Q

Water soluble bases are prepared using …..

A

Higher ethylene glycol polymers (PEGS) commercially known as CARBOWAX

THEY HAVE HIGH RANGE OF MWs

51
Q

PEGs —- lower molecular weights are ____ while,,,,

A

Lower MW are liquids while higher (greater than 1000) are wax -like solids

52
Q

Are water soluble bases water soluble ? Are they greasy ? Are they volatile ?

A

Water soluble nongreasy and nonvolatile

53
Q

True or false

Water soluble bases are generally chemically unstable and support the growth of molds

A

False— chemically stable and do NOT support the growth of molds

54
Q

Are water soluble bases easily washable ? What is an advantage to them

A

Easily washable and can be blended to form a variety of desired consistencies

55
Q

Water soluble bases may not be appropriate for which drugs

A

Poor aqueous solubility

56
Q

Give 2 examples of water soluble bases

A

PEG ointment and poly base

57
Q

When selecting an ointment base what 5 factors should be considered

A

Stability and compatibility of the drug and excipients

Ability of the base to release the drug

Rheological properties

Stability of product

Patient considerations

58
Q

What does it mean that the theological properties should be considered when choosing an ointment base

A

The product must have adequate consistency and viscoelasticity to spread and or remain on the area applied and have good extrudabikity to be removed from the container

59
Q

What kind of bases are preferred by most individuals

A

Non greasy and water washable bases

60
Q

Why are rheological agents used

A

To provide consistency to the product

61
Q

Protectives, and what other things are added for their surface effects

A

Antiseptics, astringents and cleansing agents

62
Q

What excipients are used for their stratum corneum effects

A

Moisturizing and hydration, sun protection, keratinizing (sun tan) and keratolytic

63
Q

———- provide local effects upon adsorption in the deeper epidermal layers and dermis

A

Rubefacient, counter-irritants, and sclerosing agents

64
Q

Can preparations for topical effects reach blood circulation .

A

Yes and may cause inadvertent systemic effects

65
Q

Are any preparations for systemic use applied topically

What do they contain that improves systemic absorption to achieve the desired blood levels

A

Yes

Transdermal preparations like nitroglycerin ointment, nicotine patches, and testosterone gel

Contain permeation enhancers

66
Q

What is calamine

A

A zinc carbonate compound or a nocturne if zinc oxide with about .5% ferric oxide

Anti itch medication that works by causing a cooling effect as it evaporates on the skin

67
Q

What is calamine used for

A

Mild pruritic conditions like sunburn, eczema, and rashes

Historically it has been mixed with rose water to create soothing face mask and used in face powders, dusting (adsorbent) powders and toothpastes

68
Q

Zinc oxide is used as…

A

An astringent, mildly antibacterial and antipruritic (reduce itching) and as SUNSCREEN

broad spectrum UVA

69
Q

What are the upper limits for the use of zinc oxide in sunscreen products

A

Less than 25% w/w

70
Q

In zinc oxide sunscreen, primary particles aggregate to form larger size particles

Larger particles are useful for what? The smaller particles are useful for what?

A

Large particles are useful for UVA protection and smaller particles are useful for UVB protection

This combination assures a broad band UV protection

71
Q

Zinc oxide can be incorporated into what kind of emulsion systems

A

either o/w or w/o usually WATER IN OIL provides higher UV performance due to more consistent film on the skin

But o/w with equal effectiveness is more appealing bc non greasy

72
Q

When high conc of zinc oxide is used in O/W emulsion, what happens

A

The density of the oil droplets increase . Hence additional amulsifers and /or rheologic modifiers (viscosifiers and stiffeners) should be used to PREVENT AGGLOMERATION AND SETTLING OF THE HEAVY OIL DROPLETS

73
Q

is zinc added to the continuous or dispersed phase

A

It’s amphiphilc so can be added to eaither

74
Q

at pH below 7, what will happen to divalent zinc ions

A

they will migrate into the water phase and may become incompatible with ionic ingredients

75
Q

what PREVENTS the migration of zinc oxide to the O/W interface and the release of ions into the water phase

A

hydrophobic surface coating of zinc oxide

chelating agents like Na2EDTA and some salts can be used to help reduce the extent of these interactions as well

also buffering agents like citric or lactic acid

76
Q

what kind of emulsifiers and thickeners are the best choice for zinc oxide emulsion products

A

NONIONIC – xanthan gum, diff grades of clays, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

77
Q

the zinc oxide particles are usually wetted and dispersed in the ___ phase prior to emulsification

why

A

oil phase

helps in the breaking of large zinc oxide agglomerates

78
Q

the use of polar emollients in zinc oxide products may affect what

A

the spreadability of the product and the solubility and dispersion of the ingredients

79
Q

are preservatives ever omitted

A

sometimes omitted for w/o emulsions, but administration, packing, shelf life, and patient habits must be considered when determining this

80
Q

humectants may be added to improve….

A

moisturization and hydration

81
Q

penetration enhancers are added for….

A

systemic effects

82
Q

what 4 things may potentially be required to ensure drug stability

A

buffers
pH adjusters
antioxidants
chelating agents

83
Q

true or false

additional emulsifiers may be required to incorporate the drugs and other ingredients

A

true

84
Q

what is SLS used for

A

emulsifier (surfactant)

85
Q

what is propylene glycol used for

A

humectant

86
Q

what is cetyl alcohol used for

A

it’s a fatty alcohol – used as a stiffener (rheology modifier)

87
Q

what is white petrolatum used as

A

an emollient

88
Q

in zinc oxide sunscreen formulation, zinc oxide + calamine must not exceed….

A

10%w/w

89
Q
A

Pharmacy Practice Lab II (12 decks)

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