Lab 7, 8, 9_3rd Shifting

Question 1

other name for Cross-Sectional Studies

Answer 1

prevalence studies

Question 2

Cross-Sectional Studies can be thought of as a ____________ because data are collected and
evaluated at a single point in time

Answer 2

snapshot (or slice) of time

Question 3

Cross-Sectional Studies can be thought of as a snapshot (or slice) of time because data are collected and
evaluated at a __________ in time

Answer 3

single point

Question 4

Cross-Sectional Studies this study design is more of a ________

Answer 4

hypothesis generating

Question 5

Cross-Sectional Studies are not suited for testing the _________

Answer 5

effectiveness of interventions

Question 6

Cross-Sectional Studies are more hypothesis (generating/testing)

Answer 6

generating

Question 7

most often used descriptively to capture information about a population (eg. disease prevalence)

Answer 7

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 8

may also be used to examine associations between an independent (exposure) and a dependent (outcome) variable

Answer 8

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 9

causality between an exposure and outcome (can/cannot) be established from a cross-sectional study.

Answer 9

cannot

Question 10

T/F

Cross-Sectional Studies are quick and easy to perform

Answer 10

T

Question 11

it is useful for measuring current health status or setting priorities for
disease control

Answer 11

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 12

a survey of smokers is ___________ (type of study) when the questionnaire is administered once, even though the questions contained in the survey may focus on smoking habits over the past 10 years

Answer 12

cross-sectional

Question 13

standardized questionnaire used to describe a population at a given
point in time

Answer 13

Surveys

Question 14

study design Generally conducted to characterize a population

Answer 14

Surveys

Question 15

instruments used for Cross-Sectional Studies

Answer 15

Questionnaire (eg. Answer a census or through mail), telephone call, Surveys

Question 16

Cross-Sectional Studies: steps in study design

Answer 16

1. Identifying target population
2. Select individuals from population to complete questionnaire
3. Data collection
4. Analysis

Question 17

population with desired clinical and demographic characteristics that will ultimately benefit from generalization of the study findings.

Answer 17

target population

Question 18

refers to the extent to which observations in the study population extrapolates to the overall population of interest.

Answer 18

Generalizability

Question 19

process of selecting a subset of the target population to conduct a study

Answer 19

Sampling

Question 20

eg. Random sampling, stratified random sampling using characteristics such as age or gender, convenience sampling

Answer 20

Sampling

Question 21

Data collection: Prescription records
retrospective or prospective?

Answer 21

Retrospective

Question 22

Data collection: Survey
retrospective or prospective?

Answer 22

prospective

Question 23

Analysis is purely descriptive

Answer 23

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 24

Analysis
* Purely descriptive
* summarizing the characteristics of the population using means and percentages

Answer 24

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 25

Analysis * sometimes a researcher may examine an association between two variables collected during the same cross-section in time.

Answer 25

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 26

"analytical cross-sectional studies" have no potential biases that should be considered by researchers and this type of analysis should be interpreted freely.

Answer 26

false have no potential --> have potential freely --> cautiously

Question 27

Efficient means of capturing descriptive information about a population at a given point in time

Answer 27

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 28

Limitations: bias on sampling and temporality, may not give generalizations

Answer 28

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 29

data that is collected sequentially from the same respondents over time

Answer 29

longitudinal data

Question 30

CONCERNS: * problems are errors in data collection and transient effects that may influence observations

Answer 30

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 31

are those responses that are affected by event, feeling or other circumstance that happened prior to data collection; it may not reflect actual responses when taken in a different time.

Answer 31

transient effect

Question 32

CONCERNS: inaccuracies in data collection may go unnoticed because there are no prior data for comparison

Answer 32

Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 33

these designs can observational or interventional reports.

Answer 33

(1) Case studies, (2) Case reports, and (3) Case series

Question 34

It describes a patient's or patient group’s exposure to a drug or intervention and can be valuable to record preliminary findings that lead to further study.

Answer 34

(1) Case studies, (2) Case reports, and (3) Case series

Question 35

key characteristic to these reports is the lack of a control or comparison group

Answer 35

(1) Case studies, (2) Case reports, and (3) Case series

Question 36

a record of descriptive research that documents a practitioner’s experiences, thoughts, or observations related to the care of a single patient

Answer 36

Case study

Question 37

a descriptive record of a single individual (case report) in which the possibility of an association between an observed effect and a specific intervention or exposure (often an unexpected complication of treatment or procedure) based on detailed clinical evaluation and history of the individual

Answer 37

Case report

Question 38

a group of records (case studies) that documents a practitioner’s experiences, thoughts, or observations related to the care of multiple patients with similar medical situations

Answer 38

Case series

Question 39

Uses information obtained from a select members of the population, analyzes the responses, and the draws conclusions applicable back to the same population.

Answer 39

Survey Research

Question 40

It can be considered as either descriptive (such as opinions and attitudes) or explanatory (such as explaining a cause and effect) in nature.

Answer 40

Survey Research

Question 41

The validity of the results depends on the quality of the study’s internal rigor (methodology).

Answer 41

Survey Research

Question 42

the validity of the results from Survey Research depends on the quality of the study’s __________.

Answer 42

internal rigor (methodology)

Question 43

study the incidence, distribution, and relationships of sociologic and psychological variables.

Answer 43

Survey Research

Question 44

collect information from a sample and generalize the findings to a larger, target population.

Answer 44

Survey Research

Question 45

identify, assess, and compare respondents’ ideas, feelings, plans, beliefs, and demographics.

Answer 45

Survey Research

Question 46

determine how health care programs should be implemented by utilizing the opinions of experts with experience in a particular area.

Answer 46

Survey Research

Question 47

study effectiveness of a program by surveying individuals who have used its services.

Answer 47

Survey Research

Question 48

understand attitudes and behaviors of patients or members of the profession the program affects.

Answer 48

Survey Research

Question 49

types of survey research

Answer 49

Descriptive surveys, Explanatory surveys

Question 50

Survey Research Types attempt to identify psychosocial variables such as attitudes, opinions, knowledge, and behaviors in a population

Answer 50

Descriptive surveys

Question 51

Survey Research Types attempt to explain causal relationships between variables

Answer 51

Explanatory surveys

Question 52

Types of Data Collected in survey research

Answer 52

incidence, attitudinal, knowledge, behavior measurements

Question 53

Types of Data Collected in survey research: try to determine the occurrence of events without drawing any relationships between variables

Answer 53

Incidence

Question 54

Types of Data Collected in survey research: morbidity or mortality data, manpower data

Answer 54

Incidence

Question 55

Types of Data Collected in survey research: try to compare this dependent variable with independent variables such as age, education, or salary

Answer 55

Attitudinal

Question 56

Types of Data Collected in survey research: job satisfaction surveys

Answer 56

Attitudinal

Question 57

Types of Data Collected in survey research: attempt to document a person’s knowledge or understanding about a specific topic

Answer 57

Knowledge

Question 58

Types of Data Collected in survey research: physician’s knowledge of retail prices of medications

Answer 58

Knowledge

Question 59

Types of Data Collected in survey research: pharmacist’s knowledge of state pharmacy laws

Answer 59

Knowledge

Question 60

Types of Data Collected in survey research: documents what a person actually does in a particular situation rather than asking him or her in a survey, which may reflect an attitude, rather than the actual observed behavior

Answer 60

Behavior measurements

Question 61

Data collection: * it can be performed using questionnaires, examination of historical records, telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews, web-based questionnaires, focus groups, or panel interviews.

Answer 61

Survey Research

Question 62

Characteristics of well-conducted survey

Answer 62

* objective and carefully planned * data are quantifiable * subjects surveyed are representative of the target population

Question 63

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy of survey research (4)

Answer 63

1.Coverage Error 2.Sampling Error 3.Measurement error 4.Nonresponse Error

Question 64

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: a bias in a statistic that occurs when the target population you want to survey does not coincide with the sample population that is actually surveyed

Answer 64

Coverage Error

Question 65

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: can compromise the ability to generalize study results

Answer 65

Coverage Error

Question 66

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: refers to the difference between the estimate derived from a sample survey and the true value that would result if a census of the entire target population were taken under the same conditions

Answer 66

Sampling Error

Question 67

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: occurs when the researcher surveys only a subset (sample) of all possible subjects within the population of interest

Answer 67

Sampling Error

Question 68

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: occurs when the collection of data is influenced by the interviewer or when the survey item itself is unclear from the respondent’s point of view

Answer 68

Measurement error

Question 69

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: occurs when a significant number of subjects in a sample do not respond to the survey

Answer 69

Nonresponse Error

Question 70

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: bias can result in surveys, where the answers of respondents differ from the potential answers of those who did not answer

Answer 70

Nonresponse Error

Question 71

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy: strive for response rates in the _______ range

Answer 71

80% to 90%

Question 72

Evaluation of Survey: there must be attempts to assess validity and reliability of the survey and efforts made to validate factual data

Answer 72

Factual Data and Internal Validity

Question 73

T/F asking more than one question about a concept can increase the external validity of a survey

Answer 73

F external --> internal

Question 74

purpose of Cronbach alpha or similar statistical tests in evaluation of survey

Answer 74

Factual Data and Internal Validity: measures correlation between items should be calculated and the coefficient factor(s) reported in the article; CONSISTENCY

Question 75

minimum valid coefficient score in Cronbach alpha

Answer 75

0.8

Question 76

Evaluation of Survey: _________ section should report sample size, along with a description of how it was determined

Answer 76

methods

Question 77

___________ computation provides the minimum number of individuals that needs to be sampled from the population

Answer 77

sample size

Question 78

appropriate sample size will give sufficient _________ to demonstrate a difference between two groups

Answer 78

statistical power

Question 79

describes the population from where actuals samples will be drawn from for the survey respondents

Answer 79

Sample Frame

Question 80

T/F a sample is comprehensive if all members of a population had a chance to be chosen and no one was systematically excluded

Answer 80

true

Question 81

Evaluation of Survey: methods section should supply the reader with enough information to ensure that nonresponse error was assessed and measures were taken to control the possible errors

Answer 81

Sampling Strategy and Response Rates

Question 82

T/F authors should relate as less information about non-responders as possible i.e., reasons for non-response or non-participations.

Answer 82

F less --> more

Question 83

Evaluation of Survey: assess the reliability i.e., can the results of the survey be repeated by another investigator and present the results of reliability estimates.

Answer 83

Survey Instrument Reliability

Question 84

an assessment of a questionnaire made before full-scale implementation to identify and correct problems such as faulty questions, flawed response options, or interviewer training deficiencies

Answer 84

pretest or pilot test

Question 85

Review articles are classified as _______ literature

Answer 85

tertiary