LAB 7- Digestive System Flashcards by kelsi dejong

Digestive System Function

Ingestion
Mechanical processing
‒ Chewing
Chemical digestion
‒ Secretion of digestive enzymes
Absorption
Compaction into feces
Defecation

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Digestion Activities

-Digestive enzyme action
‒ Bile emulsification

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Organs of
Digestive tract
(alimentary
canal)

Mouth
- Oral cavity with
teeth and
tongue
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus

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Accessory
digestive
organs

Salivary
Glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas

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Peritoneum

-Retroperitoneal organs: Pancreas,
Duodenum, Rectum

-Serous membrane:
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum =Serosa
Peritoneal cavity =potential space
between layers

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Duodenum is

the first part of the small intestine

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seruos membrane is

largest membrane that lines cavity

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Mesentery

-Double sheets of peritoneum that suspend the organs and hold them in
place

Two Types:

Dorsal: mesentery proper, small intestine, greater omentum, colon, liver, stomach

ventral: lesser omentum, falciform ligament

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Oral Cavity (Mouth) Digestive Functions

Ingestion

Secretion: Saliva

Mechanical digestion: Mastication = Chewing, Mixing

Chemical digestion: Salivary amylase

Propulsion

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control muscle vs no control muscles

control- skeletal

no control- smooth

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oral phase

-tongue forms a food bolus and pushes it into the laryngopharynx

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Pharynx (Throat) Digestive function

Propulsion: Swallowing or Deglutition = Skeletal muscle propels food into
the esophagus

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Esophagus anatomy

-Collapsible tube passageway

Esophageal hiatus:
‒ Opening in diaphragm for
esophagus

Lower esophageal
sphincter:
– Controls food entry and
movement back into
esophagus

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Esophagus function

Digestive function:
Peristalsis: pushes food forward with contractions

-Solid food takes 4 to 8
seconds to get from
mouth to stomach

Liquid takes ~ 1 second

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GERD =

gastroesophageal reflux disease – chronic heartburn
– can lead to esophageal cancer

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Stomach Anatomy

Four regions in stomach:
– Cardia
– Fundus
– Body
– Pylorus

Lesser curvature

Greater Curvature

Rugae (wrinkles)
– Large folds in
mucosa

Pyloric sphincter

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Stomach Digestive Functions

-temporary storage of food

Chemical digestion - secretes gastric
juice: Pepsin, HCl, Intrinsic factor, Gastric lipase

Mechanical digestion - body and
pylorus: Peristaltic mixing waves, Maceration, Chyme = creamy liquid mix of gastric juice and food

Absorption (small amount)
‒ Water, ions, short fatty acids and some drugs

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intestine wall layers

Four layers in order:
- Mucosa: lamina propria, strat sqad, epi, smooth muscle

Submuscosa: connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, glands, enteric nervous system
Muscularis externa: inner and outer layer
Serosa: visceral peritoneum

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Small Intestine anatomy

three Components:
Duodenum
Jejunum (empty)
Ileum

Structures that ↑ surface area of the
mucosa:
– ridges of mucosa
– Villi
– Microvilli
= brush border

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Small Intestine Digestive Functions

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Secretion
– Mucus
– Intestinal juice
– Bile from liver

Mechanical digestion and mixing
– Segmentation
– Bile emulsification of lipids

Chemical digestion
– Digestive enzymes break down
carbohydrate, lipid and protein

Absorption
– nutrient
– water

Propulsion
– Peristalsis 19

large intestine anatomy

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Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Colon
Taeniae coli:
leocecal valve
Fatty appendices
Rectum
Anal canal
external/internal sphincter

Large Intestine Digestive Function

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Digestion by intestinal bacteria
- secretes mucus only, no enzymes

Formation and absorption of vitamin Kand B

Consolidation and propulsion of unusable fecal matter toward anus

Elimination

Large intestine dysfunction

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Diarrhea: many causes, occurs with any condition that reduces transit time of food through the LI decreasing time to absorb water

Constipation: many causes, occurs with any condition that results in food residue sitting in the LI for extended periods so too much water is absorbed

Accessory Digestive Organs –
Salivary Glands

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saliva three parts:
-parotid gland
-submandibular gland
-sublingual gland

Saliva components:

-Mucin- moistens food & binds it into a “bolus” (sticky) - Serous clear fluid -salivary amylase = enzyme that initiates starch digestion

Teeth

-20 Primary teeth= temporary -32 Secondary teeth = Adult or Permanent

Accessory Digestive Organs – Liver & Gallbladder

-liver: produces bile, bile emulsifies fat -gall bladder- stores and concentrates bile, gallstones

jaundice

-yellowing of skin -Liver dysfunction or blockage

Accessory Digestive Organs – Pancreas

Exocrine gland = Secretes pancreatic juice from pancreatic duct to duodenum -digests carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, protein Endocrine gland: Produces insulin and glucagon (hormones)

Starch is

a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of glucose.

Amylase is

an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down polysaccharides into smaller oligosaccharides and disaccharides such as maltose and glucose

Benedict solution is

used to identify monosaccharides and some disaccharides.

T or F : pH affects the way enzymes such as amylase function

true

A positive result for the Benedict test occurs anytime

the reagent changes from its original blue color

Benedict reagent reacts with high levels of maltose, creating a

solution an orange color

A weak reaction with just a little maltose, or other simple sugars

turns Benedict reagent green

Enzymes are active _______and their activity is decreased below and above that range.

within a certain pH range,

Enzymes serve as

biological catalysts that decrease the amount of energy required to initiate a reaction

activation energy

energy required to convert a substrate (for example starch) into a product (in this case: glucose)

substrates

The specific molecule or molecules that are acted upon by an enzyme

products

released from the surface of the enzyme

Enzymes do not change the

thermodynamic equilibrium of a reaction; they merely increase the rate of a reaction and speed up the approach toward chemical equilibrium

when heat is added to an enzyme its

denatured

Lugol’s and Benedict’s solutions are indicators

for starch and monosaccharides (such as glucose)

Lugol’s solution: colors for absence of starch and presence of starch

-dark yellow -black/purple

Benedict’s solution color for absence and presence of disaccharides

-blue -orange

Bile salts

-amphipathic molecules made by the liver. -hydrophobic and a hydrophilic -aid the body in lipid digestion, but they are not enzymes

Litmus is a pH indicator color for acid and base

-pink/red -blue/lavendar

LAB 7- Digestive System Flashcards

(48 cards)