Lab 7 Endocrinology

Question 1

List the 3 possible interactions btw gamma radiation and matter

Answer 1

Photoelectric effect, Compton Scattering and Pair production

Question 2

What is Compton Scattering?

Answer 2

γ-photon colliding with free or loosly bound electron in the absorber

Question 3

Which radiation type has the highest ionizing ability

Answer 3

alpha

Question 4

Where is progesterone produced

Answer 4

ovary, and small amounts in adrenal cortex

Question 5

What is detected in pregnancy of humans

Answer 5

Presence of hCG secretion by trophoblast cells in placenta

Question 6

What is pair production?

Answer 6

May happen when high energy photon come near atomic nucleus of the absorber

Question 7

Give step of ELISA

- Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Answer 7

1. Enzyme linked to antigen/antibody
2. After immunological reaction and separation a chromogenic substrate of the given enzym is added.
3. If antigen-antibody complexes present -> a colour reaction.

Question 8

What is the shortest effective distance

Answer 8

alpha

Question 9

What is the strongest pervasive radiation?

Answer 9

gamma

Question 10

Which ions inhibit iodine accumulation

Answer 10

thiocyanate ions

Question 11

Particles in Beta-radiation

Answer 11

electron and positron

Question 12

Which radiation has longest effective distance?

Answer 12

gamma

Question 13

Which radiation has strongest effective pervasivness

Answer 13

gamma

Question 14

Name the isotopes of hydrogen

Answer 14

Protium, Deuterium, Tritium

Question 15

What is background count?

Answer 15

Cosmic radiation and internal electronic noise of the apparatus)

Question 16

How to detect progesterone in blood

Answer 16

ELISA + RIA

Question 17

Which animals can estrone sulphate be detected in the blood by ELISA or RIA

Answer 17

Swine and Horse

Question 18

Most common Hydrogen isotope

Answer 18

Protium

Question 19

What does alfa particles consist of?

Answer 19

2 protons and 2 neutrons = Helium nucleus

Question 20

What does gamma particles consist of

Answer 20

( gamma photon) ,quantum of electromagnetic radiation of high energy

Question 21

Define Becquerel

Answer 21

number of disintegrations per second

Question 22

The steps of RIA

Answer 22

separate unbound and measure the bound fraction

Question 23

Definition of isotopes

Answer 23

Elements with same proton number but different neutron numbers

Question 24

Which radiation has weakest effective pervasivness?

Answer 24

alpha

Question 25

What's Curie?

Answer 25

The traditional unit of radioactivity

Question 26

Which radiation has the weakest ionizing ability?

Answer 26

Gamma radiation

Question 27

What's so special with the strong ionizing ability alpha has?

Answer 27

It can damage DNA

Question 28

What's dpm?

Answer 28

Disintegrations per minute

Question 29

How do we measure the energy radiation?

Answer 29

In electron volts, eV

Question 30

What's Poisson probability distribution?

Answer 30

Disintegrations that will show statistical variance for a given sample

Question 31

What's photoelectric effect?

Answer 31

The total energy of the gamma radiation thats used up in the ejection of an electron at high speed, from the absorber.

Question 32

For do we use solid scintillation counting?

Answer 32

To detect the number- and the energy of gamma radiation

Question 33

What's discriminator?

Answer 33

It's used for counting the pulses according to their energy levels.

Question 34

Name som damaging effects of radiation

Answer 34

- Free radicals are formed - Molecules are electrolyzed - Proteins and DNA may be broken

Question 35

What does cpm stand for?

Answer 35

Counts per minute, unit of the detected particles

Question 36

What 2 things are important for the radioactivity?

Answer 36

- That it remains below a certain threshold. | - Have the lowest hazard.

Question 37

What's radiation dose?

Answer 37

Amount of energy deposited per unit of mass

Question 38

What's the unit of the radiation dose?

Answer 38

SI unit: Gray (Gy)

Question 39

What's the unit of the equivalent dose of radiation?

Answer 39

SI unit: Sievert (Sv)

Question 40

What does Equivalent dose of radiation stands for?

Answer 40

The degree of radiation injury?

Question 41

What the thyroid gland responsible for?

Answer 41

- Taking up iodine ions from the blood and accumulate them. - Use them in the Biosynthesis of organic molecules - Storing hormones.

Question 42

How can Iodine accumulation be inhibited?

Answer 42

By Thiocyanate ions though it's an active process.

Question 43

Pregnancy test are usually based on?

Answer 43

- Detection of progesterone - Progesterone metabolites - Estrone sulphate - Pregnancy specific hormones.

Question 44

What hormone is responsible for maintaining the pregnancy?

Answer 44

Progesterone

Question 45

What does the Progesterone inhibits?

Answer 45

Luteolysis and ovulation

Question 46

What is the biggest fraction of the circulating progesterone bound to?

Answer 46

SHBG ( Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ) and Albumin.

Question 47

Where is the Progesterone metabolized and inactivated?

Answer 47

In the liver

Question 48

Where is the progesterones sulphate and glucuronide conjugates excreted?

Answer 48

Via the urine(pregnandiol) or the faeces.

Question 49

What method can be used when checking the progesterone metabolites Urine or Faeces?

Answer 49

ELISA

Question 50

What method can be used when checking the progesterones blood ( plasma/serum)?

Answer 50

3^H-RIA or 125^1- ELISA

Question 51

What method can be used when checking the progesterones milk ( skimmed/whole)

Answer 51

ELISA

Question 52

If the concentration of progesterone/ progesterone metabolites in the blood reaches a threshold value, what does that tell us?

Answer 52

That their is probably a functioning corpus luteum or placenta.

Question 53

What's special with pregnancy specific proteins?

Answer 53

-They have high molecular weight and therefore appear in the blood and not in the urine

Question 54

What's eCG and where/when can you find it?

Answer 54

Equine Chorionic gonadotropin and is detected in blood samples taken on day 60-90 of pregnancy.

Question 55

Which method can you use for checking the eCG level?

Answer 55

ELISA or RIA method

Question 56

What is Estrone sulphate formed from? And from where? Where can you find Estrone sulphate?

Answer 56

- 17-Beta-estradiol - Liver, placenta, testis - In peripheral blood, milk, urine and faeces.

Question 57

What's Indirect Agglutination?

Answer 57

Antibodies that are stuck onto tiny latex particles. | Chemical bounds between the specific antigen and antibodies -> Latex particles form visible clumps

Question 58

What does the reagent contain that's used for detecting hCG?

Answer 58

Green latex particles covered with antibodies against hCG

Question 59

How do we know if the test based on indirect agglutination is either positive or negativer?

Answer 59

+ , If test is blue and grainy. | - , If these mixture remains green and homogenous

Question 60

How can we get a false positive reaction in the hCG test ( indirect agglutination)

Answer 60

If a pathological amount of proteins OR drug metabolites occurs in the sample