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Lab Bootcamp Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

normal BUN

A

7-20 mg/dL

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2
Q

normal CO2

A

20-29 mmol/L

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3
Q

normal Cr

A

0.8-1.2 mg/dL

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4
Q

normal glucose

A

70-100 mg/dL

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5
Q

normal serum chloride

A

101-111 mmol/L

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6
Q

normal serum K+

A

3.5-5.1 mg/dL

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7
Q

normal serum Na+

A

136-144 mEq/L

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8
Q

panic values for sodium

A

<120 mEq/L or >160 mEq/L

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9
Q

normal Na+ range

A

135-145 mEq/L

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10
Q

s/sx of hyper/hyponatremia

A

weakness, brain swelling/shrinkage, lethargy, seizures

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11
Q

common causes of hyponatremia

A

diarrhea
vomiting
CKD
CHF
diuretics
SIADH
Addison’s disease
SCC of lung
Pancreatitis
SSRI
Cirrhosis

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12
Q

symptoms of hyponatremia

A

weakness, confusion, coma, lethargy

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13
Q

panic values K+

A

< 2.5 or >6.5 mEq/L

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14
Q

causes of hypokalemia

A

Elevated WBC
Decreased intake (anorexia, starvation)
GI loss (diarrhea, vomiting, laxative abuse)
skin loss (exercise, burns)
renal loss (malignant HTN, renal tumor, Cushings syndrome, diuresis, antibiotic use, dialysis, Sjogrens)
Redistribution (tx of DKA, metabolic alkalosis)

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15
Q

hypokalemia s/sx

A

muscle weakness
ileus
hyporeflexia
flat T waves
prominent U waves

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16
Q

causes of hyperkalemia

A

metabolic acidosis
tissue trauma
ACE-I/ARBs
NSAIDs
Addisons
Rhabdomyolysis
CKD/AKI
Decreased urine excretion (ESRD, ACE, spironolactone)

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17
Q

panic values chloride

A

<80 or >115 mEq/L

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18
Q

functions of chloride

A

works in acid base balance
major ECF anion
follows sodium to maintain electrical balance
when bicarb drops in metabolic acidosis –> Cl rises

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19
Q

hyperchloremia s/sx

A

lethargy
Kussmal respirations
weakness

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20
Q

hypochloremia s/sx

A

excitability of muscle fibers
hypotension
shallow breathing
tetany

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21
Q

causes of hypochloremia

A

vomiting
gastric suctioning
burns
over hydration
SIADH
Chronic respiratory acidosis
DKA
CKD

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22
Q

normal Bicarb levels

A

23-30 mEq/L

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23
Q

panic value bicarb

A

<6 mEq/L

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24
Q

causes of decreased bicarb levels

A

diarrhea
starvation
DKA
shock
dehydration

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25
causes of increased bicarb
vomiting gastric suctioning aldosteronism COPD metabolic alkalosis compensated respiratory acidosis
26
Panic value Cr
>4 mg/dL
27
what is creatinine
protein by-product of muscle breakdown
28
causes of increased Cr
acute and chronic renal failure decreased renal blood flow dehydration cefoxitin muscle damage (rhabdo)
29
causes of decreased Cr
muscle wasting diseases (myasthenia graves, muscular dystrophy) aging malnutrition amputation lower in women 2/2 decreased muscle mass
30
potential complications of reduced GFR
anemia blood pressure increased calcium absorption decreases dyslipidemia HF volume overload hyperkalemia hyperparathyroidism hyperphosphatemia LV hypertrophy metabolic acidosis
31
normal eGFR
>60 mL/min
32
medications to be adjusted in CKD
antimicrobials (sulfa, PCN) CV agents (digoxin) analgesics (methadone, Demerol) insulin
33
drugs to avoid in CKD
tetracyclines nitrofurantoin spironolactone ASA lithium NSAIDs mag containing medications
34
normal BUN
10-20 mg/dL
35
panic value BUN
>100 mg/dL
36
what is BUN
urea formed in liver from ammonia which is end product of protein metabolism; excreted by kidney
37
causes of increased BUN
AKI/CKD CHF dehydration GI bleed acute MI urinary tract obstruction starvation
38
causes of decreased BUN
liver failure malnutrition malabsorption syndromes SIADH
39
what does BUN:Cr ratio >20 suggest
dehydration
40
GI bleed suggested by BUN:Cr ratio of what value
>30 mg/dL
41
glucose panic values
<50 or >400 mg/dL
42
causes of increased glucose
infection uncontrolled DM bushings stress pancreatitis corticosteroid therapy thiazide diuretics
43
causes of decreased glucose
insulin overdose pancreatic cancer addison's hypothyroidism liver damage malnutrition sepsis
44
normal urine pH
4.6-8.0
45
normal RBC urine
<3 high power field
46
acute presentations when you should consider UA
abdominal pain back pain painful or frequent urination blood in the urine
47
chronic conditions to monitor UA
HTN CKD DM Liver disease
48
UA protein level indicating proteinuria
>150 mg/day
49
what does leukocyte esterase + UA indicate
presence of whole or lysed WBC in urine
50
what does nitrates in UA indicate
urinary nitrates reduced to nitrites by bacteria (gram - rods in sufficient number)
51
UA dipstick findings suggestive of UTI
increased specific gravity more alkaline pH presence of nitrites presence of bacteria presence of leukocyte esterase blood and protein urine testes
52
normal WBC count
4.0-10.5
53
normal RBC count
4-5.8
54
polycythemia / erythrocytosis
increased RBC
55
anemia
decreased RBC
56
leukopenia
decreased WBC
57
neutrophilia
increased neutrophil
58
basophilia
increased basophils
59
thrombocytosis
increased platelets
60
thrombocytopenia
decreased platelets
61
normal hemoglobin female vs male
F: 14 + or - 2 g/dL M: 16 + or - 2 g/dL
62
normal hematocrit female and male
F: 37-47% M: 40-54%
63
normal MCV
80-90 fL
64
what is MCV; what does it tell us
mean corpuscular volume reports cell size - how big or small
65
what is MCH and what does it tell us
mean corpuscular hemoglobin reports average weight of individual red cell
66
causes of increased RBC
polycythemia neonates hypoxia renal tumors
67
causes of decreased RBC
bone marrow failure hemolysis/hemorrhage EPO deficiency leukemia pregnancy
68
causes of decreased hgb
overhydration iron/nutritional deficiencies anemia CKD drug induced hemorrhage
69
causes of increased hemoglobin
dehydration high altitude heavy smoker/COPD congenital heart disease polycythemia
70
causes of increased MCV
macrocytic anemia - folate deficiency, B12 deficiency chemotherapy
71
causes of decreased MCV
microcytic anemia- thalassemia, iron deficiency lead toxicity
72
what is RDW on CBC
red cell distribution - tells us about differences in sizes of the red cells elevated in iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell
73
anisocytosis
variable size of RBCs (high RDW)
74
5 white cells on CBC w diff
neutrophils lymphocytes basophils monocytes eosinophils
75
neutrophil function and normal range
phagocytosis 5-10,000 per microliter
76
lymphocyte functions
immune response antibodies recognize and kill pathogens stör information for future immune responses
77
monocyte function
phagocytosis participation in immunologic responses
78
eosinophil function
respond to allergies and parasitic infections
79
normal eosinophil range
1-4%
80
normal monocyte range
1-10%
81
basophil function
function similar to mast cells in allergic responses
82
interpretations of increased neutrophils
acute bacterial infection infammatory toxic hemorrhage or hemolysis DKA hematologic malignancies
83
interpretations of deceased neutrophils
viral infection overwhelming bacterial infection (body shuts down after a while in sepsis) bone marrow failure exposure to radiation aplastic anemia drug-induced
84
interpretations of increased lymphocytes
acute viral infection chronic infections hematologic malignancies connective tissue disorders hyperthyroidism splenomegaly
85
interpretations of decreased monocytes
aplastic anemias
86
interpretation of decreased eosinophils
aplastic anemia
87
interpretations of increased monocytes
viral infection hematologic malignancies lipid storage disease
88
interpretation of increased eosinphils
allergies/dermatological parasitic blood dycrasias pernicious anemia
89
average platelet lifespan
5-9 days
90
normal range platelets
150,000 to 350,000 per mL of blood
91
thrombocytosis
increased platelets
92
thrombocytopenia
decreased platelets
93
what does retic count tell us
tells us if erythropoiesis is effective reticulocytes = immature RBCs

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