Lab Chapter 9: Integumentary System

Question 1

Rule of Nines

Answer 1

Quick method of estimating the percent of body surface area affected by burns. Each major area represents 9% of the total body surface area

Question 2

First Degree Burn

Answer 2

• Only surface of epidermis is damaged
• Redness results from inflammation of damaged tissues
• Healing occurs within one week
• No scarring occurs
• e.g. sunburn

Question 3

Second Degree Burn

Answer 3

• Epidermis & often part of dermis is damaged
• accessory structures (hair, gland, etc.) are intact
• blistering, pain and swelling occur
• healing occurs from accessory structures & edge of burn
• healing occurs in 2 weeks (epidermis only) up to 2 months (dermis involved)
• some scarring may occur

Question 4

Third Degree Burn

Answer 4

• Epidermis & dermis destroyed; hypodermis & tissues beneath damaged
• usually painless due to nerve destruction
• accessory structures and blood vessels destroyed; healing cannot occur
• skin grafting is usually required
• infections likely and life-threatening

Question 5

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 5

• most common type
• origin: Stratum basale
• rarely metastasizes
• small, shiny bump on skin surface; as bump enlarges, often develops a central depression and beaded “pearly” edge
• least dangerous

Question 6

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 6

• Origin: stratum spinosum
• can metastasize to lymph nodes if untreated
• lesions are raised, reddened, and scaly; usually appear on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of the hand

Question 7

Malignant Melanoma

Answer 7

• most deadly type of skin cancer
• origin: often arises from the melanocytes of a pre-existing mole
• metastasizes very quickly & drug resistant
• early detection is crucial for survival

Question 8

ABC Rule

Answer 8

A for Asymmetry: irregular in shape
B for Border: borders are unclear or irregular
C for Color: generally mottled with many colors
D for Diameter: growths greater than 5mm in diameter
E for Elevation: raised above the skin surface

Question 9

Stratum Corneum

Answer 9

outermost layer of both thick and thin skin; consists of 15 to 30 layers of dead, keratinized cells; protects the underlying cells and helps to minimize water loss from body

Question 10

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 10

translucent layer immediately deep to s. corneum; found in thick skin only

Question 11

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 11

Deep to s. lucidum in thick skin (s. corneum in thin skin); three to five cell layers thick; keratin formation begins in this layer and cells begin to die

Question 12

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 12

Thicker layer just deep to s. granulosum; cells in this layer shrink during histological preparation, giving them characteristic “spiny” look that lends this layer its name

Question 13

Stratum Basale (germinativum)

Answer 13

deepest layer of epidermis; single layer of cells located adjacent to dermis; mitotically active, rapidly replacing cells of stratum corneum that are constantly being shed

Question 14

Epidermis

Answer 14

composed mostly of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and forms the outermost protective shield of the body; composed of several strata (5 in thick skin & 4 in thin skin)

Question 15

Dermis (corium)

Answer 15

composed mainly of connective tissue; located under epidermis

Question 16

Papillary layer

Answer 16

Most superficial portion of the dermis; consists of loose connective tissue, tiny blood vessels and some somatosensory receptors

Question 17

Tactile Corpuscles

Answer 17

receptors for touch; most numerous in sensitive areas of the skin (lips, fingertips & eyelids)

Question 18

Dermal papillae

Answer 18

Projections of dermal tissue that extend upwards into the epidermis; increases the surface area for better attachment of the dermis to the epidermis

Question 19

Reticular layer

Answer 19

found beneath papillary layer; consists of dense irregular connective tissue, with numerous somatosensory receptors, nerve fibers, and blood and lymphatic vessels

Question 20

Lamellated Corpuscle

Answer 20

deep pressure and vibration receptors found in the dermis and hypodermis of the skin and other organs

Question 21

Hypodermis

Answer 21

Superficial fascia; subcutaneous layer; lies deeps to the reticular layer of the dermis; composed primarily of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue; connects skin to underlying tissues, acts as an insulator, serves as fat storage depot

Question 22

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Answer 22

produce a watery secretion that helps cool the body via evaporative heat loss; two types eccrine and apocrine

Question 23

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

Answer 23

numerous in skin of hands, feet, forehead; ducts pass to surface of skin

Question 24

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 24

found in axillary and anogenital regions; secrete their product into hair follicles; secretions contain proteins and fatty substances that contribute to body odor when digested by bacteria

Question 25

Hair

Answer 25

projects above the skin surface in most place of the body; composed of keratin

Question 26

Arrector Pili Muscle

Answer 26

causes hair to stand in animals and goose bumps in humans

Question 27

Sebaceous glands

Answer 27

associated with hair that secrete an oily substance called sebum into follicle

Question 28

Nails

Answer 28

located on the dorsal surface of the distal ends of the fingers and toes