Lab Chapters 1,2,3

Question 1

what is an adaption

Answer 1

can be a physical feature of the body or a behaviour or a genetic feature that is selected for because it has greater fitness (traits)

Question 2

what is recombination

Answer 2

the mixing of genes through sex
- meiosis

Question 3

fitness

Answer 3

the # of offspring a individual produces compared to the other individuals in the population

Question 4

what is the 3 criteria that evolution by NS must follow

Answer 4

1. heritability
2. variation within population
3. the trait variability needs to have some advantage - higher fitness than others

Question 5

what is a scientific hypothesis

Answer 5

a answer to a question about the natural world
they must be tested and supported with reasoning and explaination

Question 6

viability selection

Answer 6

adaptation for viability - adaptations for survival
- camouflage, feeding (mouthparts), locomotion and water abilities (floating on water)

Question 7

what is secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 7

sexual characteristics other than testes and ovaries
- scent, courtship dances, etc
= sexual dimorphism - preference in a size or shape determined by the female

Question 8

what is intrasexual compeition

Answer 8

males fight with males for access to females to mate
- males have horns, tusks, weapons
- a key mechanism of sexual selection

Question 9

what is the mate choice

Answer 9

• another mechanism of sexual selection
• when the female chooses a male because it meets her preference
• the males that get picked = favoured and increased fitness

Question 10

what is a complete metamorphosis

Answer 10

butterflies change in body form, behaviour and lifestyle
larvae –> pupa –> adult

Question 11

what is acclimation

Answer 11

altercation of a phenotype
- occurs in individuals that can modify their phenotype in response to changes in the environment

Question 12

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 12

when an individual can alter the expression of a phenotypic trait in response to the environment = plasticity for a single trait
- can be discrete (when it is needed) or in a continuum (continuously expressed = reaction norm)

Question 13

what is a limitation in phenotypic plasticity

Answer 13

the accuracy that an organism can correctly process environmental cues to properly acclimate

Question 14

what can lead to the selection for plasticity in a trait

Answer 14

heterozygous environments that change frequently
- an individual that has more than one phenotype Is more likely to acclimate to the changing conditions

Question 15

what is stridulation

Answer 15

common in jagged ambush bugs
- creating sound by rubbing together 2 body parts
- courtship behaviour
- they spend most of their time on flowers

Question 16

what is a stereo microscope

Answer 16

provided 3d image
- less mag

Question 17

what are the types of species interactions

Answer 17

positive: benefit from the interaction
negative: no benefit

Question 18

what is mutualism

Answer 18

interactions in which both species benefit from each other

Question 19

explain tolerance in terms of plant resistance

Answer 19

a plant’s ability to reduce the effects of herbivory on fitness
- using defence against herbivores

Question 20

what is phenology

Answer 20

the study of life cycles of plant and animals in relation to seasonal changes

Question 21

what are trichomes

Answer 21

prickles to trap herbivores
- prevents the bugs or species that eat plants from eating them

Question 22

what are constitutive defences

Answer 22

defences that are costly to make
- only produced when needed

Question 23

induced defences

Answer 23

defences that are produced or increases in concentration in the event of damage by a herbivore
- a chemical is in charge of sending the response

Question 24

scientific method

Answer 24

a tool used to achieve high standards of research
- humans are prone to biases and expectations
this method = logical

Question 25

steps to scientific methods

Answer 25

1. observing 2. asking a question 3. hypothesis 4. testing hypothesis 5. collecting and analyzing data from experiment 6. creating a conclusion

Question 26

hypothesis

Answer 26

a clearly stated explanation for observations - a good hypothesis is testable

Question 27

what is a null hypothesis

Answer 27

the opposite of the hypothesis - "the factor I am interested in does not affect the observed results" "fabric softener does not affect the cleanliness of my clothes"

Question 28

experimental manipulations

Answer 28

using an artificial manipulation to investigate the relationship between one factor and another

Question 29

what is correlational studies

Answer 29

using natural variation to investigate the relationship between one factor and another

Question 30

independent variable

Answer 30

the factor that is being changed or manipulated in the study - the amount of water u give a plant

Question 31

dependant variable

Answer 31

the factor that you cant control - it is affected by the independent variable

Question 32

what is a control in an experiment

Answer 32

an experiment manipulation that can be compared to your other investigations - a blank - smoking effect, the control is a healthy human to compare

Question 33

what are confounding variables

Answer 33

factors that the researchers failed to control or eliminate which can damage the validity of an experiment

Question 34

controlled variables

Answer 34

variables that are held constant - the amount of sunlight given to both plants while they receive different amounts of water