Lab Definitions

Question 1

Obligate heterotrophic algae

Answer 1

Primarily heterotrophic (absorption of organic matter is required for growth, metabolism, and reproduction) but are capable of sustaining themelves by phototrophy when prey concentration limit growth. E.g.Gymnodium gracilentum (dinoflagellate)

Question 2

Obligate phototrophic algae

Answer 2

Primarily photosynthetic but can supplement growth by phagotropy (feeding directly on dead particulate or organic matter) and/or osmotrophy (active uptake of dissolved organic substances) when light is limiting. E.g. Dinobryan (heterokont)

Question 3

Facultative mixotrophic algae

Answer 3

Can grow equally well as phototrophs and heterotrophs. E.g. Fragilidium (dinoflagellate)

Question 4

Obligate mixotrophic algae

Answer 4

Primarily photosynthetic but phagotropy and/or osmotrophy provides substances essential for growth. E.g. Euglena (euglenophyte)

Question 5

Asexual or Vegetative Reproduction

Answer 5

1. Binary Fission (cellular bisection)
2. Zoospore (flagellate motile spores produced within parental vegetative cells)
3. Aplanospore (aflagellated cells that later develop into zoospores)
4. Autospore (aflagellated cells that will be released from the ruptured parent cells)
5. Autocolony formation (occures in colonial spears)
6. Fragmentation (mostly in filamentous types)

Question 6

Resting Stages of Algae

Answer 6

1. Hypnospores (produced outside parent cells, allow to survive temporary drying)
2. Hypnozygotes (outside parent cells forms after fertilization, allow to survive temporary drying out)
   Spirogyra and Dinoflagellates!!!
3. Statospores (cysts that form within vegetative cell e.g. Ochromonas (stramenophile)
4. Akinates (enlarged vegetative cells that develop a thick wall due to limiting nutrients and limiting light) e.g. Cyanobacteria and green algae

Question 7

Life Cycles of Algae

Answer 7

1. Haplontic or Zygotic e.g. Chlamydomonas
   Zygote (2n) undergoes meiosis to produce haploid daughter cells
2. Diplontic or Gametic e.g. Diatoms
   Vegetative diploid phase undergo meiosis to give rise to gametes
3. Diplohaplontic or Sporic e.g. Red Algae
   Life cycle has two different phases consisting in a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. Gametes are produced by mitosis in the gametophytes.

Question 8

Palmelloid

Answer 8

Algal colony composed of an indefinite number of non-motile cells embedded in a gelatinous or mucilaginous matrix

Question 9

Uniseriate

Answer 9

Cells arranged in a single row/layer

Question 10

Multiseriate

Answer 10

Consisting/arranged in several series

Question 11

Capsoid

Answer 11

Individual non-motile cells embedded in mucilage

Question 12

Coccoid

Answer 12

Individual non-motile cells with individual cell walls

Question 13

Colonial

Answer 13

Small, regular groups of motile cells

Question 14

Filamentous

Answer 14

A string of non-motile cells connected together

Question 15

Parenchymatous

Answer 15

Cells forming a thallus with PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF TISSUES

Question 16

Three Steps for Protein Import in Euglenoids

Answer 16

1. Synthesis on polysomes bound to the rough ER with translocation into ER
2. Transport from ER into Golgi apparatus
3. Import across the three chloroplast membranes

Question 17

Aplanospore

Answer 17

Nonmotile asexual spore formed by rejuvenation in algae

Different from akinete by developing a new cell wall distinct from parent cell

Question 18

Autospore

Answer 18

Nonmotile, non-flagellated spore produced within a parent cell with the same chape as parent before release. Asexual.

Question 19

Zoospore

Answer 19

Motile asexual spore that uses flagellum for locomotion

Question 20

Anisogamy

Answer 20

Sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes

Question 21

Isogamy

Answer 21

Fusion of gametes in similar size

Question 22

Oogamy

Answer 22

Fusion of large nonmotile female gamete and small motile male gamete

Question 23

Alteration of Generations

Answer 23

Regular alteration between two distinct forms:

The generations are alternately sexual and asexual.
Mitosis occurs in both diploid and haploid cells; unicellular haploid (gametophyte) and multicellular diploid (sporophyte).

Question 24

Diplontic Life Cycle

Answer 24

Diploid stage is multicellular and haploid gametes are formed; meiosis is gametic.

Question 25

Haplodiplontic Life Cycle

Answer 25

Multicellular diploid and haploid stages occur; Meiosis is sporic

Question 26

Gametangium

Answer 26

Haploid structure; formation dows not involve meiosis

Question 27

Antheridium / Oogonium (Gametangiums)

Answer 27

Antheridium - male sex organ Oogonium - small female diploid cell

Question 28

Isokont Flagella

Answer 28

Cells with flagella of equal length

Question 29

Anisokont Flagella

Answer 29

Cells with flagella of unequal length

Question 30

Desmids

Answer 30

Charophyta; Unicellular, lacking flagella Two symmetrical compartments Asexual fission

Question 31

Zygospore

Answer 31

Thick walled resting cell arising from the fusion of two similar gametes (Charophytes)

Question 32

Carpogonium

Answer 32

Female organ of Rhodophyta

Question 33

Carpospore

Answer 33

Diploid spore produced by Rhodophyta after carposporophyte subdivides into carpospores. Wall breaks down to release spores.

Question 34

Carposporophyte

Answer 34

The sporophyte of Rhodophyta after spermatangium enters the carpogonium. Releases carpospores.

Question 35

Monospores

Answer 35

Walled, nonflagellate spherical cells produces by diploid generation

Question 36

Spermatangium

Answer 36

Male organ of rhodophyta that releases spermatia

Question 37

Tetrasporophyte/ Tetrasporangium

Answer 37

Formed by carpospores (2n) after meiosis, releases tetraspores (n)

Question 38

Epitheca

Answer 38

Larger half of frustule, overlaps the hypotheca of Diatoms

Question 39

Hypotheca

Answer 39

Smaller half of the frustule of Diatoms

Question 40

Frustule

Answer 40

Hard porous cell wall of Diatoms composed of silica

Question 41

Pennate

Answer 41

Bilaterally symmetrical (diatoms)

Question 42

Cingulum

Answer 42

Ribbonlike flagellum encircles the cell allowing turning and forward movement

Question 43

Heterokont Flagella

Answer 43

Two unequal flagella (heterokonts)

Question 44

Sulcus

Answer 44

The fissure in dinoflagellate

Question 45

Conceptacles and Receptacles

Answer 45

Conceptacles: Specialized cavities that contain reproductive organs (brown fucales) Receptacles: vegetative tissues near the end of reproductive stems at the ends of algae branches (Brown algae in heterokontophyta) contain conceptacles; also captures food.

Question 46

Rhizoid

Answer 46

Protrube from lower epidermal cells of algae; absorb nutruents minerals and water.

Question 47

Thallus

Answer 47

Undifferentiated vegetative tissue (lacks vascular tissue)

Question 48

Autocolony Formation

Answer 48

Each cell within a colony can produce a new colony similar to the one which it belongs. Cell division produces multicellular groups that differs from parent in cell size but not number.