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Microbiology RR > Lab Diagnosis > Flashcards

Lab Diagnosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some examples of Gram-positive cocci.

A

• Staphylococcus
• Streptococcus
• Pneumococcus
• Enterococcus

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2
Q

Name some examples of Gram-positive bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria).

A

• Spore-containing:
• Bacillus
• Clostridium

•	Corynebacterium
•	Mycobacterium

• Filamentous:

•	Actinomyces
•	Nocardia

•	Listeria (differential motility)
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3
Q

Name some examples of Gram-negative cocci.

A

• Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis)
• Gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

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4
Q

What are some examples of Gram-negative coccobacilli?

A

• Haemophilus
• Brucella
• Bordetella
• Acinetobacter

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5
Q

Name some examples of Gram-negative Enterobacterales.

A

• Escherichia (E. coli)
• Klebsiella
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• Yersinia
• Proteus
• Citrobacter

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6
Q

Name examples of Gram-negative spirochetes.

A

• Treponema
• Borrelia
• Leptospira

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7
Q

What are some special groups of Gram-negative bacteria?

A

1.Oxidase positive:
• Vibrio
• Pseudomonas
• Campylobacter
• Helicobacter

  1. Non-cultivable:
    • Rickettsia
    • Chlamydia
    • T. pallidum
  2. Atypical pneumonia
    • Mycoplasma
    • Legionella
    • Chlamydia
  3. Miscellaneous
    • HACEK group
    • Gardnerella vaginalis
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8
Q

Capsulated bacteria?

A

• Pneumococcus

• Meningococcus

• Hemophilus influenzae

• Bacillus anthracis

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9
Q

Anaerobic

A

CAG

• Clostridium

• Actinomyces

• G. vaginalis

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10
Q

Intracellular bacteria?

A

• Neisseria

• Mycobacteria

• Rickettsia

• Chlamydia

• G. vaginalis

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11
Q

Lab Diagnosis of bacteria?

A

Microscopy : Gram stain, special stain.
Culture : Selective culture media.

Test : Special biochemical/Immunological test.

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12
Q

Fungi classified?

A

Yeast
Yeast like
Mold
Dimorphic

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13
Q

Yeast with example.

A

• Replicate by budding.

• Organism : Cryptococcus.

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14
Q

Yeast like with examples?

A

• Both yeast cells & hyphae simultaneously.

• Organism :

  • Candida.
  • Malassezia
  • Trichosporon.
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15
Q

Mold classification and examples?

A

Filamentous cell, have hyphae.
1. Aseptate mold : Obtuse & right angle hyphae.

Mucormycetes

• Rhizopus
• Absidia
• Mucor
2. Septate mold

A. Irregular hyphae

• Dermatophytes

• Madurella mycetomatis

• Dematiaceous (Pheoid)

B. Acute angle & dichotomous hyphae : Aspergillus.

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16
Q

Dimorphic fungi with example?

A

• Sample : Always yeast.

On culture:
• Yeast at 37°C
• Hyphae (Septate) at 25°C

• Organism :

  • Histoplasma.
  • Blastomyces.
  • Coccidioides.
  • Paracoccidioides.
  • Sporothrix schenckii.
  • Talaromyces marneffei.
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17
Q

What are the main laboratory diagnostic methods for fungi?

A

Sample microscopy : Check form of fungi on KOH wet mount

Culture microscopy : Check spores on SDA agar with LPCB stain

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18
Q

Yeast & yeast like dx?

A

Sample microscopy & Culture tests
No spores

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19
Q

Mold & dimorphic dx?

A

Sample microscopy & Culture Microscopy (LPCB)
Spores+

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20
Q

Important aseptats molds (Mucormycosis)?

A

• Rhizopus

• Absidia

• Mucor

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21
Q

Important dimorphic fungi?

A

• Histoplasma

• Blastomyces

• Coccidioides

• Paracoccidioides

• Sporothrix schenckii

• Talaromyces marneffei

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22
Q

Important markers for invasive mycosis?

A

• Beta-D-Glucan : Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis

• Galactomannan : Aspergillus

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23
Q

DNA viruses examples?

A

Enveloped: HHP

• Hepadna : HBV.

• Herpes : HHV.

• Pox : Biggest.

Non-enveloped : PAP
• Papova virus :
- HPV.
- JC.
- BK.

• Adenovirus.

• Parvo virus : - ssDNA.

  • Smallest.
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24
Q

RNA viruses examples?

A

Non enveloped: PCR
Picornavirus:
HAV,Polio,Coxsackie,Entero
Calicivirus:
HEV,Sapo,Noro
Reo:
Rota

Enveloped:
Tetro: HIV
Flavivirus:

  • HCV.
  • JE.
  • YF.
  • KFD.
  • Dengue.
  • ZIKA.

TOGAVIRUS:

Chikungunya

• Matona : Rubella

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25
What are some examples of RNA enveloped viruses?
• Orthomyxovirus: Influenza virus • Arenavirus: Lassa fever virus • Rhabdovirus: Rabies virus • Filovirus: Ebola, Marburg virus • Bunyavirus: Hantavirus, CCHF (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) virus • Delta virus: Hepatitis D (HDV) • Paramyxovirus: Nipah virus, Mumps virus, Measles virus • Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV
26
What are the main molecular methods for virus diagnosis?
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Most common method for detecting viral genetic material.
27
How are diagnostic tests for viruses categorized based on the duration of symptoms?
• ≤7 days: • PCR > Antigen detection > Symptoms-based diagnosis (Microscopy, culture) • >7 days: • Antibody detection
28
Diagnostics tests for virus if duration from symptoms unknown?
1. PCR: HIC Herpes Influenza Corona 2. Ag detection Hepatitis: blood Polio & Rota: stool Rabies: Skin (Nape of neck) (Ag-DIF) 3. Ab detection : Most of the other viruses
29
What are the characteristic shapes of certain viruses?
• Rabies virus: Bullet-shaped • Ebola/Marburg virus: Filamentous • Pox virus: Box-shaped • Adenovirus: Satellite-shaped • Corona virus: Crown-shaped (due to spike proteins)
30
Which viruses have circular nucleic acid?
• HBV (Hepatitis B virus): Partially double-stranded • HPV (Human papillomavirus): Completely double-stranded
31
Which viruses have segmented nucleic acid?
• Rota virus (dsRNA): 11 segments • Influenza virus: 8 segments
32
Which virus has 2 copies of RNA?
HIV
33
What is the cytopathic effect of Enterovirus?
Crenation
34
What is the cytopathic effect of HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus)?
Ballooning
35
What is the cytopathic effect of Adenovirus?
Granular clumping
36
What is the cytopathic effect of Measles virus?
Syncytium formation
37
What is an example of a virus with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies?
• Rabies: Negri bodies
38
What are examples of viruses with intranuclear inclusion bodies?cowdry A
• HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus): Lipschutz bodies • CMV (Cytomegalovirus): Owl eye appearance • YFV (Yellow Fever Virus): Torres bodies
39
What are the main virus culture methods?
• Animal inoculation. • Embryonated egg culture. • Tissue cell culture (M/c).
40
What are the viral assays used for viruses?
• Pock assay : Embryonated egg culture. • Plaque assay : Tissue culture.
41
What are examples of blood and tissue protozoa?
• Blood and tissue sporozoa: Plasmodium, Babesia, Toxoplasma • Blood and tissue flagellates: Leishmania, Trypanosoma
42
What are examples of vaginal protozoa?
• Vaginal flagellates: Trichomonas vaginalis
43
What are examples of free-living amoeba?
• Free-living amoebas: • Naegleria • Acanthamoeba • Balamuthia • Sappinia
44
What are examples of intestinal protozoa?
• Intestinal ciliates: Balantidium coli • Intestinal amoebas: Entamoeba histolytica • Intestinal flagellates: Giardia lamblia • Intestinal sporozoa: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cysto-isospora
45
What are the different types of protozoa based on their motility structures?
• Ciliates: Use cilia (e.g., Balantidium coli) • Amoeba: Use pseudopodia (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica) • Flagellates: Use flagella (e.g., Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis) • Sporozoa/Coccidia: Non-motile (e.g., Plasmodium, Toxoplasma)
46
How are blood and tissue protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?
• Sample tested: Peripheral blood smear • Forms observed: Trophozoite and other different forms depending on the protozoa
47
How are vaginal protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?
• Sample tested: Vaginal discharge • Forms observed: Trophozoite (active form)
48
How are free-living protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?
• Sample tested: Typically CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) • Forms observed: Trophozoite (active form)
49
How are intestinal protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?
• Sample tested: Stool • Forms observed: Trophozoite and cyst
50
What are the three main classifications of helminths?
• Cestodes (Tape worms) • Trematodes (Flukes) • Nematodes (Round worms)
51
What are examples of cestodes (tapeworms) and their associated organs?
• Intestinal tapeworms: • Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm) • Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm) • Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm) • Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish tapeworm) • Tissue tapeworm: • Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm)
52
What are examples of trematodes (flukes) and their associated organs?
• Intestinal flukes: • Fasciola buski • Liver flukes: • Clonorchis sinensis • Opisthorchis • Fasciola hepatica • Lung fluke: • Paragonimus westermani • Blood fluke: • Schistosoma
53
What are examples of nematodes (roundworms) and their associated organs?
• Intestine : - Strongyloides stercoralis : Parthenogenic - Ancylostoma duodenale - Necator americanus - Ascaris lumbricoides: Round worm. - Enterobius vermicularis : Pin worm. - Trichuris trichiura : whipworm • Tissue : - Filarial worm. - Trichinella spiralis : Spiral worm. - Dracunculus medinensis : Guinea worm.
54
How are viviparous helminths diagnosed in the lab?
• Morphological form: Larva • Sample: Tissues • Organisms: • Filarial worm • Trichinella spiralis • Dracunculus medinensis
55
How are ovoviviparous helminths diagnosed in the lab?
• Morphological form: Larva • Sample: Stool • Organisms: Strongyloides stercoralis
56
How are oviparous helminths diagnosed in the lab?
• Morphological form: Egg • Sample: Stool • Organisms: All other helminths (except those with larvae)
57
Morphological forms of parasites?
2 forms : Worm & larva • Filarial worm. • Trichinella spiralis. • Dracunculus medinensis. 3 forms : Worms, egg & larva Remaining.
58
Infective forms of parasites?
Egg : • E. granulosus. • H. nana. • Ascaris. • Trichuris. • E. vermicularis Larvae : Remaining all
59
Which parasites penetrates skin for their transmission?
• Schistosoma • Strongyloides • Ancylostoma/Necator.
60
Opportunistic infection parasites?
• Giardia. • Protozoa: Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Cysto-isospora • Toxoplasma. • Strongyloides (Helminth).
61
Auto infection parasites?
Cestodes • T. solium. • H. nana. . Nematodes • Enterobius. • Strongyloides. .
62
Parasites causing anemia?
• Megaloblastic : D. latum. • Iron deficiency : - Ancylostoma & Necator. - Trichuris trichiura.
63
Carcinoma causing parasites?
• Bladder : Schistosoma hematobium. • Colon : Schistosoma japonicum. • Cholangio Ca : Clonorchis sinensis.
64
Cutaneous Larva migrans?
• Animal nematodes (M/c) - Ancylostoma braziliensis. - Ancylostoma caninum • Human nematodes (Rare) - Strongyloides stercoralis. - Ancylostoma duodenale.
65
Visceral Larva migrans?
- Toxocora canis (M/c). - Ascaris lumbricoides (rare)
66
Loeffler’s pulmonary eosinophilia/Loeffler’s syndrome?
• All larvae migrans causing. • Visceral (M/c) > Cutaneous.
67
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia?
Weingarten’s syndrome : Filarial worm
68
Non-bile stained eggs?
NEHA • Necator americanus. • Enterobius vermicularis. • H. nana. • Ancylostoma duodenale.
69
Parasitic Eggs Float in saturated salt solution?
• Trichuris trichiura. • Enterobius vermicularis. • H. nana. • A. duodenale/N. americanus. • Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized).
70
Operculated eggs?
COPD F • Clonorchis. • Opisthorchis. • P. westermani. • D. latum. • Fasciola hepatica. • Fasciola buski.

Microbiology RR (2 decks)

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