Lab - DNA

Question 1

who discovered DNA through bandage of pus (WBC)

Answer 1

Friedrich Miescher

Question 2

He investigated the structures of DNA. Discovered the first order of the three major component of a nucleotide

Answer 2

Phoebus Levene

Question 3

created the Chargaff’s rule

Answer 3

Erwin Chargaff

Question 4

He discovered the carbohydrate component of DNA and RNA (ribose)

Answer 4

Phoebus Levene

Question 5

Discivered the correct way how DNA and RNA are put together

Answer 5

Phoebus Levene

Question 6

What is the most prominent among the Chargaff’s rule?

Answer 6

The total amount of purines is equal to the total amount of pyrimidines

Question 7

Levene proposed that nucleic acid is composed of a series of ___ and that each of these is composed of ___

Answer 7

nulceic acid is composed of a series of nucleotides and each nucleotides is composed of one of the four nitrigenous bases, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group

Question 8

Proposed the double helix structure of DNA

Answer 8

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 9

Who were the people behind the X-Ray crystallography that helped int he discovery of the 3D structure of the DNA

Answer 9

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Question 10

Mapping of human DNA

Answer 10

Human Genome Project (HGP)

Question 11

When was HGP proposed?
How many years was it expected to complete?
How many years was it completed?
Im what years did it happen

Answer 11

1987
15 years
13 years
1990-2003

Question 12

According to the HGP, about how many base pairs are in the human genome?

Answer 12

3 billion chemical base pairs

Question 13

What made “personalized medicine” possible

Answer 13

the Human Genome Project, specifically by the knowledge provided by the patient’s whole genome sequence can provide information for the most appropriate and effective care

Question 14

DNA is a macromolecule composed of…

Answer 14

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Question 15

The basic structure of DNA is composed of what

Answer 15

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar (five carbon sugar)
phosphate group

Question 16

True or False: Nucleic acid is a macromolecule that exist as dimers

Answer 16

False. It exist as polymers called polynucleotides

Question 17

What are the monomers of nucleic acid called

Answer 17

Nucleotides- the building block

Question 18

What structure is do nitrogenous bases attach and through what kind of bond

Answer 18

pentose sugar (five carbon sugar),
deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA, through phosphodiester bond

Question 19

Differentiate purines and pyrimidines

Answer 19

Purines- double ring composed of 9 carbons
Adenine, and Guanine

Pyrimidines- single ring
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine

Question 20

Difference of the pentose sugars of DNA and RNA

Answer 20

The C2 in DNA have a hydrogen atom (H)
The C2 in RNA have a hydroxyl group (OH)

Question 21

Differentiate nucleoside and nucleotide

Answer 21

Nucleoside- nitrogenous base + pentose sugar
Nucleotide- nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group

Question 22

Which nitrogen atoms are covalently bonded to purines and pyrimidines, respectively?

Answer 22

N-9 (purines)
N-1 (pyrmidines)

Question 23

Which is easier to cleave, AT or CG? Why?

Answer 23

AT because it only have 2 hydrogen bond, CG have 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 24

What kind of bond is used in The C2 in DNA have an the phosphate group to the nucleoside

Answer 24

Phosphoester bond

Question 25

The nucleotides in polynucleotide is joined by what bond

Answer 25

**phosphodiester bond** which involves a dehydration reaction which removes a molecule of water to the linkage of phosphoric acid and 2 sugars between the 5' carbon of one sugar and 3' carbon of another sugar

Question 26

The formation of hydrogen bonds between two complementary strands of DNA is called what

Answer 26

hybridization

Question 27

Chargaff's Rule: two ong polynucleotide chains are coiled around a central axis forming a ___

Answer 27

right handed double helix (turns clockwise)

Question 28

Chargaff's Rule: the two DNA strands are ___

Answer 28

antiparallel- their 5'-3' orientation runs in opposite directions

Question 29

Chargaff's Rule: the nitrogenous bases of opposite chains are paired as the result of the formation a ___ in DNA

Answer 29

hydrogen bond

Question 30

the repeat distance of the DNA helix (each complete turn of the helix)

Answer 30

34 Angstrom

Question 31

diameter of DNA

Answer 31

20 Angstrom

Question 32

distance between adjacent nucleotide of DNA

Answer 32

3.4 Angstrom

Question 33

Two regions in the DNA helix and its distance

Answer 33

major (22 Angstrom) and minor (12 Angstrom) grooves

Question 34

how many base pairs in each turn of DNA

Answer 34

10 if >10, it is overwounded if <10, it is underwounded

Question 35

why are minor and major groups important

Answer 35

it is the site where the DNA can be *easily denatured*

Question 36

Chargaff's rule states that the sum of purines are equal to the sum of pyrimidines but

Answer 36

the percentage of (G+C) is not necessarily equal to the percentage of (A+T)

Question 37

differentiate alternative forms of DNA

Answer 37

B-DNA A-DNA Z-DNA

Question 38

what are the complimentary base pairs in DNA?

Answer 38

A = T ; G = C

Question 39

what are the complimentary base pairs in RNA?

Answer 39

A = U ; G = C

Question 40

which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?

Answer 40

base

Question 41

when the nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?

Answer 41

attached to thymine

Question 42

sites at which the tRNA molecules can bind

Answer 42

- **A site** receives the aminoacyl tRNA anticodon that pairs up with the mRNA codon - **P site** it is where the amino acid is transferred from its tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain - **E site** where the used tRNA is released back into the cytoplasm

Question 43

main enzymes that catalyzes replication/transcription

Answer 43

RNA polymerase

Question 44

responsible for the coupling of DNA replication which composed of DNA polymerase, sliding clamp, and clamp loader

Answer 44

replisome

Question 45

G-rich strand is also at the ___

Answer 45

3' end

Question 46

factors of dna denaturation (in vitro)

Answer 46

- temperature (high) - salt concentration (low) - pH high

Question 47

endonucleases that recognize specific base sequences and break or restrict the DNA polymer at the sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 47

restriction enzyme

Question 48

identify what enzyme is involved? - analysis of gene arrangements - mutation detection - DNA recombination in vitro - mapping of a DNA ligament

Answer 48

restriction enzymes

Question 49

catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent 3' hydrozyl and 5' phosphoryl nucleotide ends

Answer 49

dna ligase

Question 50

unwinds DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds

Answer 50

helicase

Question 51

enzyme that degrade DNA from 3' hydrozyk to - 5' phosphate ends. the uses is DNA manipulation in vitro

Answer 51

nucleases (exonuclease)

Question 52

the enzyme that relieves the tension created by helicase

Answer 52

topisomerases

Question 53

process of separating dna into single strands

Answer 53

denaturation

Question 54

the alternative form of DNA dehydrated under high salt right bounded shorter **24.65A length 11 BP**

Answer 54

A-DNA

Question 55

an alternative form of DNA that is 92% in relative humidity **right handed 10 BP 34A**

Answer 55

B-DNA

Question 56

the longer and narrower DNA that is **45.6 A length 12 BP left handed**

Answer 56

Z-DNA

Question 57

enzyme that builds new DNA strand

Answer 57

DNA polymerase III

Question 58

also know as the spot welder enzyme

Answer 58

ligase

Question 59

lagging strand is the discontinuous synthesis which has the presence of?

Answer 59

okazaki fragments