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Bio 111 > Lab exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

parts of micropipette

A

plunger, volume adjustment, volume readout, tip attachment, tip eject button

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2
Q

sizes of micropipette

A

p20 –> 2-20uL ; yellow tip
p200 –> 20-200uL ; yellow tip
p1000 – 200-1000uL ; blue tip

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3
Q

uses of micropipette

A

volume transfer
loading samples

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4
Q

C1V1=C2V2

A

stock concentration (volume of solution needed to prepare 1mL) = final concentration (final volume)

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5
Q

dilution factor equation

A

volume transferred/total volume

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6
Q

spectrometry

A

measurement of how much a chemical substance absorbs or transmits light

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7
Q

spectrophotometer

A

measures amount of photons (intensity of light) absorbed or transmitted after passing through sample solution

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8
Q

absorbance

A

measure of how much light was obstructed from reaching detector compared to how much was emitted through exit slit of spectrometer

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9
Q

bradford reagent

A

acified solution

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10
Q

bradford protein assay

A

time-tested colorimetric assay; changes color from red to blue; easily detected by spectrometer; concentration of protein can be measured; higher intensity of blue when higher protein concentration; 595nm absorbance max

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11
Q

R^2

A

regression coefficient; quality of standard curve; should be between 0.98-1.00

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12
Q

concentration equation

A

absorbance/slope

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13
Q

absorbance equation

A

slope times concentration plus the y-intercept absorbance value

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14
Q

protein concentration equation

A

mass of protein/total volume

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15
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions

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16
Q

substrates

A

molecules upon which enzymes act on to convert into different molecules called products

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17
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

when enzymes and substrate bind together’ lowers activation energy of reaction and promotes rapid progression

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18
Q

denaturing

A

an enzyme loses 3-D structure, rendering it unable to bind to its substrate and catalyze product formation; main causes is change in pH and temperature

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19
Q

B-Galactosidase

A

an enzyme produced by E.coli that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose to the monosaccharides galactose and glucose; lactose is natural substrate for B-gal

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20
Q

O-Nitrophenyl-B-Galactosidase (ONPG)

A

used to measure enzyme activity of B-gal; cleaved by B-gal to form galactose and ortho-nitrophenol

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21
Q

colors of ONPG, galactose, and Ortho-nitrophenol

A

colors of ONPG and galactose are colorless; ortho-nitrophenol is bright yellow with absorption of 420nm

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22
Q

molar concentration formula

A

C=(m/v)*(1/MW)

23
Q

lysis reagent

A

buffer solution used for purpose of breaking open cells

24
Q

assay buffer (z buffer)

A

eliminates error due to effects of different carbon sources in the growth median on B-gal enzyme activity; resist changes of pH in presence of internal and external influences

25
dilution of E.coli
1:5
26
lysis of E.coli
adding lysis reagent to E.coli causes E.coli to open and B-gal to be produced
27
enzyme activity equation
(absorbance/elapsed time in seconds)*1000
28
rate of reaction with enzyme concentration
concentration increases probability of enzyme and substrate coming together; after hydrolysis, substrate us permanently changed, therefore is limited
29
Glucose + Oxygen --> CO2 +H2O + Energy (ATP)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
30
electron transport chain
oxygen is final electron acceptor; NADH and FADH is used by electron transport chain to pump protons outside mitchondria
31
fermentation
oxidation of NADH back to NAD+; goal is to keep glycolysis running
32
volumetric respirometer
measures volume of oxygen consumed; CO2 is absorbed by KOH in bottom of tube; measure O2 consumption of beans
33
volumetric respirometer equation
2KOH (liquid) + CO2 (gas) = K2CO3 (solid) + H2O (liquid)
34
Geissler burette
measure volume of CO2 gas produced by yeast
35
sodium azide
inhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain of eukaryotes
36
visual protocol
read liquid level at bottom of meniscus
37
equation for photosynthesis
6H2O + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
38
light-dependent reactions
energy from sun is absorbed by pigments and that energy is converted into stored chemical reactions; "light energy"
39
light-independent reactions
chemical energy harvested during light-dependent reactions drives assembly of sugar molecules; "Calvin cycle"
40
photosystem II
energy from sunlight is used to extract electrons from water. electrons travel through the electron transport chain to photosystem I, which reduces NADP+ to NADPH
41
NADPH
a product of first level of photosynthesis
42
NADP+
final acceptor of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and receives electrons via the thylakoid membrane complex photosystem I (PSI) to synthesize NAPDH
43
thylakoid membrane
contains pigments (molecules that absorbs light) responsible for initial interaction between light and plant material, and numerous proteins that make up electron transport chain
44
bleaching
energy levels higher than blue light will physically tear molecules apart
45
light energy
initiates process of photosynthesis when pigments absorb specific wavelength of visible light
46
what colors do to plants
visible violet - enhance plant taste, aroma, and color blue - enhance production of chlorophyll green - least efficient; plants reflect yellow - minimal impact on plant growth red - yields more leaves when mixed with blue
47
best colors for plant growth
red and blue
48
sodium bicarbonate
used as buffer to sustain pH degrees
49
light treatment
positive controls
50
dark treatment
negative controls
51
DCMU
inhibits photosynthesis; inhibits flow of electrons from PSII; metabolic poison
52
sodium azide
inhibits electron transport chain of mitochondrion, therefore respiration; does not inhibit photosynthesis
53
chlamydomas
algae used
54
chlamydomas in metabolic poisons
sodium azide - cannot swim in this because cant produce enough ATP from sugar via mitochondira DCMU - can swim because does not inhibit photosynthesis, however will eventually run out of sugar and die

Bio 111 (4 decks)

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