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From Flashcardlet > lab exam 1 > Flashcards

lab exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

granulocytes - neutrophil

A
  • trilobe/weird nucleus
  • small purple granules
  • most abundant 3000 to 7000 cells/ul
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2
Q

granulocytes - eosinophil

A
  • large red granules
  • bilobe nucleus
  • 100 to 400 cells/ul
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3
Q

granulocytes - basophil

A
  • large blue granules
  • u shaped nucleus
  • 20 to 50 cells/ul
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4
Q

agranulocytes - lymphocyte

A
  • smallest of all classes of WBC
  • very large round nucleus
  • 1500 to 3000 cells/ul
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5
Q

agranulocytes - monocyte

A
  • largest
  • u shaped/ puffy nucleus
  • 100 to 700 cells/ul
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6
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • bi concave red disk
  • anucleate
  • 4 to 6 million cells/ul
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7
Q

platelets

A
  • small blue fragments

- 150,000 to 400,000 cells/ul

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8
Q

quantitative

A
  • precise, measure exact value
  • uses special tool
  • red blood cell count
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9
Q

qualitative

A
  • determines a relative amount, not exact

- white blood cell count

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10
Q

ECG

A
  • electrocardiogram

- measures electrical activity from the heart

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11
Q

cardiac cycle - heatbeats

A 
systole - ventricles are contracting
diastole - ventricles are relaxing
     early - all chambers are relaxed
     mid to late - atria contracts, ventricles 
                       still relaxed
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12
Q

P wave

A
  • atrial depolarization.
  • atria will begin to contract
  • occurs during mid to late diastole
  • initiated by SA node
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13
Q

QRS complex

A
  • ventricular depolarization; contracts
  • occurs during onset of systole
  • initiated by AV node
  • hides atrial repolarization
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14
Q

T wave

A
  • caused by ventricular repolarization
  • ventricles will start to relax
  • occurs during early diastole
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15
Q

PR interval

A
  • beginning of P to beginning of QRS
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16
Q

PR segment

A
  • end of P to beginning of QRS
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17
Q

QT interval

A
  • beginning of QRS to end of T
  • total time of ventricular contraction
  • total time in systole
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18
Q

ST segment

A
  • end of QRS to beginning of T

- ventricles still contracting

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19
Q

End of T to next R

A
  • next R means beginning QRS complex
  • end of T to beginning of QRS complex
  • total time of diastole
  • amount of time ventricles have to fill
  • shortens the most with exercise
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20
Q

EEG disorders - enlarged R wave

A
  • bigger then normal QRS complex
  • caused by ventricular hypertrophy,
    muscle wall is bigger
  • healthy reason - very athletic
  • unhealthy - high blood pressure and
    cardiovascular disease. Heart works
    hard to eject blood
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21
Q

EEG disorders - Long QT

A
  • QT interval is extra long
  • genetic, born with heart defect
  • cause arrythmias
  • fainting during sex
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22
Q

heart sounds - Lub

A
  • generated when the AV valves close
  • close at beginning of systole
  • coinside with QRS complex on ECG
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23
Q

heart sounds - Dup

A
  • SL valves close

- early diastole, end of T on ECG

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24
Q

Auscultating heart valves - 2nd intercostal space

A
  • listening for SL valve
  • right side of heart = aortic SL valve
  • left side of heart = pulminary SL valve
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25
Q

Auscultating heart valves - 5th intercostal space

A
  • listening for AV valves
  • right side = tricuspid
  • left side = bicuspid
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26
Q

sounds

A

healthy - crisp and clear

unhealthy - anything but crisp and clear heart murmur

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27
Q

Heart murmurs

A
  • whooshing sound - incompetent (leaky)
    valve. backflow of blood through valve
  • high pitched squeak or click - caused by
    stiff valves = stenosis
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28
Q

Pulse

A
  • indirect measure of heart rate
  • apical - listen to lub dup at heart apex
  • superficial - palpate surges in peripheal
    artery at pressure points.
    carotid, radial, brachial
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29
Q

Defects- pulse deficit

A

apical and superficial pulses don’t match. Usually means something is wrong with the heart.
- arrythmia - abnormal heart rhythms

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30
Q

blood pressure

A
  • force exerted by blood on walls of vessels
  • varies with cardiac cycle
  • systole - blood ejected - pressure high.
    Systolic Blood Pressure (SYS)
  • diastole - ventricles relax - pressure low
    Diastolic Blood Pressure (DIA)
31
Q

Pulse Pressure - PP

A
  • SYS - DIA = PP
32
Q

High pulse pressure

A

athrosclerosis - hardening of the arteries

33
Q

tools for measuring blood pressure

A
  • stethoscope

- sphygmomanometer

34
Q

Theory blood pressure

A 
1. blood moving through a vessel makes  
    no sound
2. blood moving through a partialy closed 
    vessel makes a tapping noise AKA  
    Korotkoff sounds
35
Q

MAP

A

mean arterial pressure
2/3 diastole
1/3 systole
MAP = 2/3 (DIA) + 1/3 (SYS)

36
Q

hyperreactor to cold test

A

either systolic or diastolic increases by 23 mmHg or more

37
Q

hyporeactor - to cold (pain) test

A

neither SYS or DIA increase by more than 22 mmHg

38
Q

ECG lead color and placement

A

white - negative - right forerm inner wrist
red - positive - left inner ankle
black - ground - right ankle

39
Q

three activities for ECG

A

lying down
sitting up
running

40
Q

equation to calculate BPM from T

A

BPM = 60s divided by change in T

41
Q

what electrical event corresponds to P wave

A

atrial depolarization

42
Q

where is this event initiated

A

mid to late diastole by SA node

43
Q

what two electrical events coincide with QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

hides atrial repolarization

44
Q

what is the myocardium of the ventricles doing during the S-T segment? What name do we give this part of the cardiac cycle

A

ventricles are still contracting

called systole

45
Q

which portion of the ECG trace indicates the total time the ventricles are filling

A

end of T to next R

46
Q

what is ventricular hypertrophy? How does this condition affect the ECG

A

hypertrophy is overgrowth of ventricles, muscle wall is bigger. This will cause a bigger than normal QRS complex

47
Q

what is pulse deficit? What might cause pulse defici

A
  • when apical and superficial pulses don’t
    match.
  • may cause arrythmia
48
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

pulse pressure is systolic - diastolic

49
Q

why does athersoclerosis result in high blood pressure

A

because athrosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries

50
Q

what is purpose of inflating a sphygmomanometer before determining blood pressure

A

to close off the arteries

51
Q

when taking blood pressure what sound do you listen to determine systolic pressure. what happens to blood vessel to cause this sound

A
  • korotkoff sounds.

- blood is moving through paritally closed vessel

52
Q

what do you listen for to determine diastolic blood pressure. What happens to vessel to cause this sound

A
  • listening for silence
  • blood is moving through an open vessel
    which causes no sound
53
Q

what happens to cause the lub sound

A
  • happens when AV valves close
54
Q

during which phase of the cardiac cycle is the lub sound produced?

A
  • systole
55
Q

the lub sound coincides with which part of ECG

A
  • QRS complex
56
Q

heart anatomy - interventricular septum

A

separate ventricles

57
Q

heart anatomy - pulmonary trunk

A

bottom of aorta

58
Q

heart anatomy - aortic semilunar valve

A

2 flaps 1/2 moon on left side

59
Q

heart anatomy - bicuspid valve

A

separates left ventricle and right atrium

60
Q

heart anatomy - papillary muscle

A

end of tendineae

61
Q

heart anatomy - pulmonary semilunar valve

A

right side of heart

62
Q

heart anatomy - tricuspid valve

A

between right ventricle and atrium

63
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary trunk
left and right pulmonary arteries
lobar arteries
pulmonary veins

64
Q

systematic circulation

A

ascending aorta - leaves left ventricle
aortic arch - bend in aorta
brachiocephalic trunk - right arm and head
left common carotid - feeds left side head
left subclavian - feeds left arm
right common carotid - branches off
brachiocephalic trunk, feeds head
descending aorta
thoracic aorta - from aorta to thorax
abdominal aorta - into abdomen
common iliac arteries - aorta splits at pelvis

65
Q

arteries of head and neck

A

vertebral - branches from subclavian
basilar - merges of vertebral arteries (bug)
posterior cerebral - branches off basilar
internal common corotid - branches from
common corotid
opthalmic - branches from internal corotid
to eyes
anterior cerebral - branches off internal
carotid
middle cerebral - branches off internal
carotid
external carotid - branches from common
carotid
superficial temporal - superior extension of
external carotid
maxillary - branches from external carotid
facial - branches from external carotid
anterior communicating
posterior communicating

66
Q

arteries of upper limb

A 
internal thoracic artery - anterior thorax
axillary artery - comes from subclavian
lateral thoracic - lateral chest wall
anterior circumflex humeral - muscles near 
              shoulder
posterior circumflex humeral - muscles 
             near shoulder
brachial - from axial
deep artery of arm - collateral with brachial
radial
ulnar
common interosseous - branches off ulnar
palmar arches - deep and superficial
67
Q

arteries of the abdomen

A

celiac truck - superior branch off
abdominal aorta
common hepatic artery - right branch from
celiac trunk
right gastric artery - enters stomach from
common hepatic
gastroduodenal artery - enters intestine
from common hepatic
hepatic artery proper - enters liver from
common hepatic
splenic - from celiac trunk to spleen
left gastric - from celiac trunk to superior
stomach
superior mesenteric - middle branch off of
abdominal aorta
inferior mesenteric - inferior branch off
abdominal aorta
renal - abdominal aorta to kidneys
gonadal - abdominal aorta to gonads

68
Q

arteries of pelvis and lower limbs

A

internal iliac - from common iliac inside
pelvis
external iliac - common iliac to rest of leg
femoral - external iliac becomes femoral
popliteal - femoral artery in knee
anterior tibial - anterior branch of popliteal
posterior tibial - posterior branch popliteal
fibular - branches off posterior tibial

69
Q

veins - systemic circulation

A 
superior vena cava - returns blood from 
         areas superior to diaphragm
brachiocephalic - merge to form superior 
          vena cava
internal jugular - meets subclavian to form 
        brachiocephalic
subclavian - meets int jugular to form 
        brachiocephalic
inferior vena cava - retruns blood from 
         areas inferior to diaphragm
common iliac - merge at pelvis to form 
          inferior vena cava
70
Q

veins of head and neck

A 
external jugular veins - merges with 
       subclavian draining superficial tissues
vertebral veins - drain spinal column
internal jugular - meets subclavian draining 
      brain
facial - merges with internal jugular
superficial temporal vein - merges with 
       internal jugular
71
Q

veins of the upper limb

A

subclavian - become brachiocephalic when
leaving arm
axillary - becomes subclavian when leave
armpit
brachial veins - merge with basilic to form
axillary
radial - merges with ulnar to become
brachial
ulnar - merges radial to become brachial
cephalic - superficial, lateral. merge with
axial
basilic - superficial, medial. Merges with
brachial in armpit
median cupital - superficial between basilic
and cephalic
median antebrachial - superficial between
radial and ulnar
azygous - right side of vertebral column
hemiazygous - left side of vertebral
column, inferior
accessory hemiazygous- left side of
vertebral column superior

72
Q

veins of abdomen

A

renal veins - kidney to inferior vena cava
inferior phrenic - diaphragm to inferior vena
cava
suprarenal - drain adrenal glands
left/right gonadal - drains gonads
superior mesenteric - drains small
intestines becoming hepatic portal
inferior messenteric - drains large
intestine, merges with splenic
splenic - serves spleen/stomach
hepatic portal - carries blood from guts to
liver for cleaning

73
Q

veins of lower limb

A 
dorsalis pedis - drains blood from foot to 
      anterior tibial vein
fibular - drains lateral part of leg
anterior tibial - 
posterior tibial
popliteal
femoral
great saphenous
small saphenous

From Flashcardlet (7 decks)

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