Lab Exam Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
Forensic Entomology
A
Study of insects and other arthropods in forensic contexts
2
Q
3 general areas in which forensic entomologists practice
A
Stored-product entomology, urban entomology, medicolegal entomology
3
Q
Medicolegal entomology
A
Study, analysis, and interpretation of insects associated with the corpse
4
Q
PMI
A
Post-mortem interval, time since death
5
Q
Use of insects in medicolegal entomology
A
PMI, areas of wounds, movement of body after death
6
Q
Why is forensic entomology regional in nature?
A
Insect growth and development relies on biochemical processes that depend on moisture/humidity and temperature, as well as environmental data
7
Q
Where is the insect pinned on the pinning block?
A
Top step
8
Q
Where is the first label pinned on the pinning block?
A
Second step from top
9
Q
What is on the first insect specimen label?
A
Date of collection, locality, name of collector, identification of insect
10
Q
Where is the second label pinned on the pinning block?
A
Bottom step (3rd from top)
11
Q
What goes on the second insect specimen label?
A
Method of collection, food source if raised in lab, area of body it was collected from
12
Q
When is the det label added?
A
Last
13
Q
Det Label
A
Determination label, produced by professional insect taxonomist that verifies genus and species
14
Q
How are immature/soft bodied insects labelled?
A
One on the outside of the label and one on the inside in case the outer one falls off and to transfer the inside one with the contents
15
Q
How are immature/soft bodied insects stored?
A
In a vial with 70-80% ethanol
16
Q
What goes on immature/soft bodied insect vial labels?
A
Date of collection, locality, name of collector, identification of insect (if possible). Can include area of body, length of maggot when collected, and if maggot was blanched in boiling water to keep from shrinking in alcohol
17
Q
Necrophagous Insects
A
Attracted to and feed on the carrion
18
Q
Omnivorous Insects
A
May be attracted to the carrion as a food source for their larval stages, adults may feed on other insects present
19
Q
Predaceous Insects
A
Attracted to the carrion due to the large numbers of other insects present to feed on
20
Q
Adventitious Insects
A
Not necessarily attracted to the carrion at all but may be found in association with it if it is in their habitat
21
Q
Diptera Pinning Position
A
Through centre of thorax
22
Q
Coleoptera Pinning Position
A
Through upper right elytra and abdomen
23
Q
Hymenoptera Pinning Position
A
Through centre of thorax
24
Q
Hemiptera Pinning Position
A
Through right hand thorax
25
Odonata Pinning Position
Through centre of thorax
26
Beetle vs Fly Larvae
Beetles have prolegs, flies do not
27
Locard's Principle
Whenever there is contact between two objects/people/etc., there is an exchange of material
28
How to Examine Leaf Fragments
Margin/teeth type, venation (primary, secondary, and tertiary)
29
Why is the underside used in an epidermal leaf peel?
So you can obtain an impression of the stomata pattern and venation of the epidermis
30
How do the acetone and acetate work together in a leaf peel?
Acetone adheres the acetate to the leaf. The acetone soften/melts the acetate and allows it to conform to the epidermal pattern of the leaf
31
How can you tell the difference between a leaf and a leaflet?
Leaf has a bud at the base and leaflet does not. Leaf has circular or semicircular base to surround the bud but leaflet does not.
32
Which tree is an exception to the leaf vs leaflet rules?
Sycamore tree has hollow petiole that encloses next year's bud
33
Alternate Leaf Attachment
One leaf at each node (every other on each side)
34
Opposite Leaf Attachment
Two leaves at each node (one on each side at each spot)
35
Whorled Leaf Attachment
3 or more leaves at each node
36
Decussate Leaf Attachment
Each leaf attached at 90 degrees (not 180) from those above and below (opposite or alternate, but switches directions at each)
37
Aerial Net
A fine mesh net used to catch flying insects
38
Pan Trap
Plastic pan that can be counter sunk into the ground, 1/2 full of water/salt/soap mixture, to catch crawling and flying insects. Often yellow to attract dipterans and hymenopterans.
39
Pitfall Trap
Cup counter sunk in ground to catch crawling insects. A funnel on top to prevent them from getting out. 1/2 full of water/salt/soap/EtOH mixture.
40
Window Trap
Large piece of glass/plexiglass or even an old window suspended between trees with an eavestrough attached to bottom with water/salt/soap/EtOH mixture. Fly into window, stunned and fall into trap and are killed.
41
Aspirator
An arrangement of tubes and stoppers allowing small flying insects in particular to be sucked into a holding tube by the collector, using their own inhalation; screens or cotton gauze prevent inhalation of insect by collector.
42
Killing Jar
Jar with a screw cap and a wick or plaster of Paris that are soaked in ethyl acetate to kill insects when closed in the jar.
43
Insect Pins
Specialty coated straight pins that will not rust due to insect fluids
44
Pinning Block
A stepped block with a hole drilled in each step which will allow the appropriate spacing of insect and labels on a pin
45
Spreading Board
Used to mount moths, butterflies, dragon flies, or anything with large wings that are to be mounted in an open position
46
How to Use Spreading Board
Wings are spread on the wooden side platforms while the body of the insect is pinned in the groove down the middle of the board.
47
Pinning with Points
Insects too small to pin are glued to the point of a small triangular or tear dropped shape of archival quality card stock, and the mounting pin is placed through the wide end of the point.
48
Blow Fly vs Flesh Fly Maggots
Blow fly spiracles on surface, flesh fly spiracles are depressed
49
Calliphoridae
Blow Fly
50
Sarcophagidae
Flesh Fly
51
Admedial (Botany)
Toward the midline of the lamina
52
Apex (Botany)
Usually the upper ~25% of the lamina
53
Apical (Botany)
Toward the apex of the leaf
54
Basal (Botany)
Toward the base of the leaf
55
Base (Botany)
Usually the lower ~25% of the lamina
56
Concave (Botany)
Curving toward the center of the lamina or tooth
57
Convex (Botany)
Curving away from the center of the lamina or tooth
58
Costal Vein (Botany)
Primary and secondary veins that extend from the base of the leaf or from a primary
toward the leaf margin
59
Exmedial (Botany)
Away from the midline of the lamina
60
Intercoastal Area (Botany)
The region bounded by two costal veins
61
Lamina (Botany)
Blade of leaf. The expanded, flat part of a leaf or leaflet
62
Margin (Botany)
Edge of the lamina/blade
63
Midvein
Medial primary vein, in pinnate leaves this is the only primary
64
Node (Botany)
The place where a leaf is (or was) attached to the axis (stem)
65
Petiole
The stalk of a leaf
66
Petiolule
The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf
67
Primary Vein (Botany)
The widest vein of the leaf and any others of like width and/or course, usually originate at or just above the petiole
68
Rachis
The prolongation of the petiole of a pinnately compound leaf upon which leaflets are attached
69
Secondary Vein (Botany)
```
The next narrower class of veins after the primary, originating from the primary
or primaries
```
70
Sessile
A leaf or leaflet that is lacking a petiole or petiolule
71
Tertiary Vein (Botany)
```
The next narrower class of veins after the secondaries, originating from the
secondaries or primaries
```
72
Vein Course (Botany)
Path of the vein on the leaf
73
Munsell Colour System
Series of colour charts for soil horizon colour classification
74
Munsell Hue
Colours. Range from red to yellow
75
Munsell 10Y
Very yellow
76
Munsell 10R
Very red
77
Munsell 5YR
Half way between yellow and red
78
Munsell 7YR
More yellow than red
79
Munsell 2 YR
More red than yellow
80
Munsell Value
Scale from white to black, brightness of the colour
81
Munsell Chroma
Intensity of the colour, scale from grey to vibrant
82
What does Munsell 5YR:3/4 mean?
5YR: Hue
3: Value
4: Chroma
83
How are the Munsell colours written?
Hue: Value/Chroma
84
What is the soil profile of a podzol from top to bottom?
F1, F2, A1, A2, B1, B2, C
85
Soil Profile Top to Bottom
O layer (or F), A layer, B layer, C layer
86
F1 Soil Layer
Top litter layer, nothing broken down, whole leaf shapes, some fermentation, fungus
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F2 Soil Layer
More decomposition but still littery, pine needle layer
88
A1 Soil Layer
Darker due to humus leaching down from F2
89
A2 Soil Layer
Elluvial, iron leached down and out, ashy colour
90
B1 Soil Layer
Illuvial, iron has washed in from above, orange brown from iron
91
B2 Soil Layer
Less orange brown
92
C Soil Layer
Unweathered and parent material
93
What type of soil is in Sudbury?
Podzol, or podzolic soil
94
What is podzol?
Hydromorphic soil, meaning there is a downward movement of water and ions and consequent leaching of constituents
95
How do you see soil profiles?
Core method or dig a pit with nice crisp vertical sides
96
Spheroidal Peds
Less than 1 cm diameter, granular or crumb
97
Granular vs Crumb Peds
Both small and spheroidal but granular is solid/hard/can't crush easily, crumb can squish easily
98
Platy/Plate-Like Peds
In kaolin (non swelling clay), cracking in horizontal plane. Usually in subsoil, sometimes the result of particles leading down.
99
Prism-Like Peds
Honey comb shapes in strongly swelling clay. Prismatic or columnar.
100
Prismatic vs Columnar Peds
Both look like honey comb pattern on top, but columnar is flat on top while prismatic is pointy when viewed from side
101
Block-Like Peds
More than 1 cm diameter so slightly bigger than crumbs, more in subsoil. Blocky angular or blocky subangular
102
Angular vs Subangular Blocky
Angular is more cube-like and subangular is more clumpy
103
Coarse Sand
0.2-2 mm
104
Fine Sand
0.02-0.2 mm
105
Silt
0.002-0.02 mm
106
Clay
Less than 0.002 mm
107
Ped
A crumb of soil, the aggregate formed by particles
108
Exceptions to Soil Peds
Sand is a single grain of soil, or when all grains are stuck together in a massive structure
109
Gravel & Stones
Bigger than 2mm, little analysis
110
Fine Earth
Less than 2mm, analysis of characteristics
111
Why is a black light used to examine soils?
For fluorescence
112
What makes a soil basic?
Lime (CaO) or metallic carbonates
113
What makes a soil acidic?
Nitrates or sulfates
114
How is the pH of soil measured?
Colours of universal indicator (acidic red to basic purple)
115
Red Soil pH
Very acidic (0-3)
116
Orange Soil pH
Moderately acidic (3-4.5)
117
Yellow Soil pH
Slightly acidic (4.5-6.5)
118
Green Soil pH
Neutral (6.5-7.5)
119
Green-Blue Soil pH
Slightly basic (7.5-9.5)
120
Purple Soil pH
Very basic (9.5-14)
121
Range of Particle Sizes
If two samples come from the same location, they should have the same range of particle sizes
122
How should soil colour be analyzed?
When the soil is wet, on a white background. Good to look at dry also.
123
Forensic Serology
Study of blood and other bodily fluids in a legal context
124
Presumptive Blood Tests
Tells you if it's blood but not whether it is human. Hemastix, Phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer), Bluestar Forensic (luminol)
125
Karl Landsteiner
Austrian biologist and physician that discovered that sometimes blood agglutinates when mixed with other blood, so he identified the ABO and Rh blood classification system
126
Blood Typing Systems
ABO, MN, PGM, AK, ADA, G-6-D, 6-PGD, MAP, EsD, Hp
127
Blood Type Product Rule
Chances of someone having those blood types
| [100/% of pop with y blood type] x [100/% of pop with z blood typ)] ... = 1/# of people
128
Control Blood Tests
Do on known blood sample and known not blood sample to know what a negative and a positive test result look like and to ensure that the test is working properly
129
How can you determine if blood is human?
Hexagon OBTI testing (the one that looks like a pregnancy test)
130
How does ABO blood typing determined?
Aggultination indicates a positive result. Clumping in A is A blood, clumping in B is B blood, clumping in both A and B is AB blood, clumping in none is O blood, clumping in D is Rh+ and no clumping in D is Rh-
131
How is ABO blood typing done?
A drop of blood in each of A, B, and D wells, then add 1-2 drops of anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D to the respective wells, positives will agglutinate
132
How to Use Hemastix
1 drop of deionized water to pad end of test strip, rub damp bad onto "blood", wait 60 seconds, note colour change. Colour change orange through blue indicates blood, no colour is a negative result (no blood or not enough to detect with this test).
133
How to do Phenolphthalein Blood Test
Moisten swab with 1-2 drops deionized water and rub onto "blood". 1-2 drops of alcohol on swab, 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein on swab, make sure no colour change yet, 1-2 drops of hydrogen peroxide onto swab, note colour change. Pink indicates blood, no colour is negative.
134
How does Hexagon OBTI Test detect human blood?
Detects hemoglobin
135
What can give a positive Hexagon OBTI test?
Human, primate, ferret, and skunk blood
136
How to do Hexagon OBTI Test
Collect blood sample on swab, break swab off into tube, close tube and shake gently. Place test on level surface, break tip off tube and drop 2 drops into the S sample well. Wait 5 mins for result and wait 10 to confirm negative.
137
Hexagon OBTI Test
Looks like pregnancy test, to determine if blood is human
138
How is a positive Hexagon OBTI test determined?
Control line and test line. Only control line is negative, 2 lines (even if the second one is weak) is positive. No lines means the test did not work.
139
How do you know if the Hexagon OBTI test is working?
Blue control line
140
What if there is one line on the Hexagon OBTI test?
Only control line, not test line. Wait 10 mins and if still only one line, it is negative.
141
What if there is no lines on the Hexagon OBTI test?
The test didn't work, try again with a new test
142
Where should you stab lancet for blood typing?
Side of fingertip pad of warm ring finger after shaking blood in arm down to hand
143
What blood type is the universal donor?
O-
144
Parts of Pelvis Used for Sex Determination
Sub-pubic angle, pubis body width, greater sciatic notch, pelvic cavity shape
145
Parts of Skull Used for Sex Determination
Upper edge of eye orbit, shape of eye orbit (but more for race), zygomatic process, nuchal crest (occipital bone), external occipital protuberance, frontal bone, mandible shape, ramus of mandible
146
Parts of Femur Used for Sex Determination
Vertical (maximum) diameter of femoral head, bicondylar width, max length
147
Parts of Humerus Used for Sex Determination
Transverse diameter of humeral head, vertical diameter of humeral head, max length, epicondylar width
148
Male vs Female Sub-pubic Angle
F more than 90 degrees, M 90 degrees or less
149
Male vs Female Pubis Body Width
F ∼40 mm, M 25-30 mm
150
Male vs Female Greater Sciatic Notch
F less than 68 degrees, M more than 68 degrees
151
Male vs Female Pelvic Cavity Shape
F circular and wide (only shows coccyx), M heart shaped (can see sacrum too)
152
Male vs Female Upper Edge of Eye Orbit
F sharp, M blunt
153
Male vs Female Shape of Eye Orbit
M round, F square, but more used for race
154
Male vs Female Zygomatic Process
M expressed beyond external auditory meatus, F not
155
Male vs Female Nuchal Crest (Occipital Bone)
F smooth, M rough and bumpy
156
Male vs Female external Occipital Protuberance
Present on M, not on F
157
Male vs Female Frontal Bone
F round and globular, M low and slanting. Look at whole head for more round or foot-ball shaped skull.
158
Male vs Female Mandible Shape
F rounded V shape, M squared U shape
159
Male vs Female Ramus of Mandible
F slanted, M more straight (like 90 degrees)
160
Male vs Female Vertical (maximum) Diameter of Femoral Head
F less than 43.5mm, M more than 44.5 mm, in between is indeterminate
161
Male vs Female Bicondylar Width of Femur
F is less than 74 mm, M is more than 76 mm, in between is indeterminate
162
Male vs Female Max Length of Femur
F is less than 405 mm, M is more than 430 mm, in between is indeterminate
163
Male vs Female Transverse Diameter of Humeral Head
F 37-39 mm, M 42.7-44.7 mm
164
Male vs Female Vertical Diameter of Humeral Head
F 42.7 mm, M 48.8 mm
165
Male vs Female Max Length of Humerus
F 305.9 mm, M 339 mm
166
Male vs Female Epicondylar Width of Humerus
F 56.8 mm, M 63.9 mm
167
Parts of Skeleton Used for Race Determination
Nasal index, nasal spine, nasal selling/guttering, prognathism, shape of eye orbits, femur curvature
168
How to Calculate Nasal Index
nasal width mm/nasal height mm
169
Nasal Index & Race
Caucasoid less than 0.48, Negroid more than 0.53, Mongoloid in between
170
Nasal Spine & Race
Caucasoid prominent, Mongoloid somewhat prominent, Negroid very small
171
Nasal Silling/Guttering & Race
Caucasoid sharp ridge, Mongoloid rounded ridge, Negroid no ridge
172
Prognathism & Race
Caucasoid straight, Mongoloid variable, Negroid prognathic
173
Prognathic
Lower jaw (mandible) sticks out past upper jaw (maxilla)
174
Shape of Eye Orbits & Race
Caucasoid rounded/somewhat square, Mongoloid rounded/somewhat circular, Negroid rectangular
175
Femur & Race
Caucasoid - fingers can fit under curvature of femur, Negroid - cannot
176
What is the age when pubis and ischium are almost completely united by bone?
7-8
177
What is the age when the ilium, ishium, and pubis bones are joined together?
13-14
178
What is the age when the two lowest segments of sacra vertebrae become joined together
18
179
What is the age when the ilium, ishium, and pubis bones become fully ossified with no evidence of epiphyseal unions (indicated by cartilaginous lines)?
20-25
180
What is the age when all segments of the sacrum are united with no evidence of epiphyseal unions?
25-30
181
What is the age when the greater trochanter of the femur first appears?
4
182
What is the age when the lesser trochanter of the femur first appears?
13-14
183
What is the age when the head, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter first join the shaft of the femur?
18
184
What is the age when the condyles first join the shaft of the femur?
20
185
What is the age when the head and tuberosities of the humerus join to become a single large epiphysis?
6
186
What is the age when the radial head, trochlea, and external condyle of the humerus blend and unite with the shaft?
16-17
187
What is the age when the internal condyle unites with the shaft of the humerus?
18
188
What is the age when the upper epiphysis unites with the shaft of the humerus?
20
189
What do forensic odontologists do?
Use teeth, x-rays, and antemortem dental records to identify human remains and examine bite mark injuries
190
What teeth do humans have?
On each side and upper and lower (so x4) from medial to lateral: central incisor, lateral incisors, canine (cuspid), 1st premolar (1st bicuspid), 2nd premolar (2nd bicuspid), 1st molar, 2nd molar, wisdom tooth (3rd molar)
191
What are the incisors for?
Cutting into food
192
What are the canines for?
Tearing food
193
What are the molars for?
Grinding food
194
When do the adult central incisors erupt?
7-8
195
When do the adult lateral incisors erupt?
8-9
196
When do the adult canines erupt?
11-12
197
When do the adult first premolars erupt?
10-11
198
When do the adult second premolars erupt?
10-12
199
When do the adult first molars erupt?
6-7 years
200
When do the adult second molars erupt?
12-13 years
201
When do the adult third molars erupt?
There is no baby ones/they are not shed, they erupt at 17-21 years
202
X on Tooth Chart
Missing tooth
203
x on Tooth Chart
Broken tooth
204
O on Tooth Chart
Crown
205
OΠO on Tooth Chart (Π above Os connecting them)
Bridge
206
● on Tooth Chart
Filling
207
Teeth Numbering
Upper teeth 1-16, lower teeth 17-32. Start at patients top right and go around in circle to end at bottom right
208
Arch Width (Odontology)
Distance from one cuspid across to the cuspid on the other side of the same set
209
Shape of Dental Arch
C shaped, oval shaped, U shaped
210
Labiolingual Position
Where tooth is aligned on jaw
211
Rotational Position (Odontology)
Whether tooth is twisted, how much, which direction
212
Intertooth Spacing
Spacing between teeth
213
What should be noted about bite marks?
Arch width, shape of dental arch, labiolingual position, rotational position, inter tooth spacing, tooth width & thickness, curvatures of biting edges, wear patterns, unusual dental anatomy
214
Albedo
Reflection coefficient (SW^/SWv)
215
Why is the thermocouple on the end of a metre stick?
To ensure that the temperature measured is unaffected by proximity to a heat source like the people doing the experiment
216
Why is there a higher vapour density right above the rat?
Higher humidity because it is essentially a bag of water that is losing water. It is also more resistant to water loss with its fur.
217
Why would there be no temperature change with height?
Ground is not heating, sun is not strong, there are clouds blocking the sun
218
The ground as an energy exchange surface
It absorbs energy from the sun. The sun is heating the ground more than anything else. It is like a stovetop.
219
Relative Humidity vs Vapour Density
Relative humidity is dependent on temperature, which is relative. Vapour density is absolute.
220
Why is the ground warmer than the air?
It is more insulated so it holds its temperature longer than the constantly changing air.
221
Why is PCR favoured over RFLP-based DNA fingerprinting?
PCR is more sensitive so smaller amounts of DNA can be used. It is also faster.
222
Why is Taq polymerase used in PCR?
It remains stable at near-boiling temperatures
223
Why do we apply high heat to the DNA mixture for PCR?
To denature it, to disrupt the H bonds between strands and separate them
224
Why do we cool the DNA mixture for PCR after high heat?
Annealing, primers bind to the separated DNA strands
225
Why do we heat the DNA mixture to an intermediate heat after cooling in PCR?
Extension, taq polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers to complete new strands
226
How is DNA fingerprinting done?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
227
What does chewing cheeks and rinsing with water do? (DNA)
Scrape off and harvest old cheek cells
228
What does detergent do? (DNA)
Lysis. Dissolve the cheek cell phospholipid bilayer membranes, like dishwashing detergent removes oils and fats from dishes
229
Lysis Buffer
Solution containing the detergent to lyse cells
230
What does protease and heat to 50 degrees do?
Breaks down proteins so that they can no longer bind to the DNA
231
What are the salt and cold alcohol used for? (DNA)
Precipitate the long thin DNA strands. Alcohol makes them less soluble.
232
Why must labels be made in pencil?
Alcohol can wash away ink
233
Carrion Beetle Larvae
Armoured
234
Skin Beetle Larvae
Hairy
235
Scarab Beetle Larvae
White grubs. Look more maggoty with prolegs, lumpy with legs.
236
Class Arachnida
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks
237
Subclass Apterygota vs Pterygota
A has no wings, but Ptery are winged insects
238
Order Odonata
Dragonflies
239
Order Hemiptera
True bugs
240
Order Coleoptera
Beetles
241
Order Lepidoptera
Butterflies and moths
242
Order Diptera
True flies
243
Order Hymenoptera
Bees, wasps, ants
244
5 pine needles
White Pine
245
What will cause Bluestar Forensic to give a false positive?
Certain household detergents, chlorine, some paints, varnishes, and copper. Some iron-metabolizing plants and soils with iron.
246
How can you tell a false positive with Bluestar Forensic?
Intensity, colour, and duration are different
