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Biol 112 > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution of Viruses: 3 hypthesises

A
  1. Regressive
  2. Progressive or Escapist
  3. Self-Replicating
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2
Q

Regressive hypothesis

A

viruses evolved from free-living cells or from intracellular prokaryotic

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3
Q

Self-replicating hypothesis

A

viruses may have originated form self-replicating entities similar to transposons or other mobile genetic elements

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4
Q

Progressive or Escapist hypothesis

A

Viruses originated from pieces of RNA and DNA that escaped from a host cell and gained ability to move between cells

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5
Q

Virus shapes:Filamentous

A

long, thin worm-like shape

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6
Q

Virus shapes: Isometric

A

spherical-shape

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7
Q

Virus shapes: Enveloped

A

have membranes that surround capsids

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8
Q

Virus shapes: Complex/head and tail

A

infect bacteria and have a head that is similar to icon a hedral viruses and a tail shaped like helical viruses

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9
Q

Dna viruses

A

double stranded; replication takes place in nucleus; few have DNA polymerase and can replicate in host cell’s cytoplasm

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10
Q

Rna viruses

A

usually single-stranded; replication takes place in cytoplasm; mutation happens at a very high rate because RNA polymerase does not proofread

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11
Q

Four steps of viral infection

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Replication and assembly
  4. Egress (release)
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12
Q

Attachment

A

receptors on cell bind to virus capsid protein or envelope glycoproteins

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13
Q

Entry

A

virus enters eukaryotic cells by endocytosis or if envelope by fusions w cell membrane

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14
Q

Replication and assembly

A

depends on RNA, DNA and retrovirius and reverse transcriptase

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15
Q

Egress

A

release; may involve lysis and death of host cells, may involved budding (not kill cell)

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16
Q

Lytic cycle

A

lyse the host cell after replication

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17
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

do not immediately lyse host cell; bacterial phage genome integrates with host genome and replicates with it without destroying cell; when conditions deteriorate the virus lyses the cell

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18
Q

Reverse transcriptase virus

A

never occurs in an uninfected host cell - the enzyme reverse transcriptase is only derived from the expression of viral genes within the infected host cell

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19
Q

vaccines

A

primary method of controlling viral disease; prepared using live, killed or molecular sub units of viruses

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20
Q

prion

A

proteinaceous infectious particles; no DNA or RNA; cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases, not destroyed by cooking

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21
Q

Viriods

A

small circles of RNA Iplants)

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22
Q

prokaryote structure

A

no membrane-bound organelles; no nucleus; DNA in nucleoid; free ribsomes

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23
Q

Extremophiles

A

adapted to grow under extreme conditions (deeps sea, heat, dry, cold, radiation)

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24
Q

Acidophiles: extreme

A

low pH

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25
Q

Alkaliphiles: extreme

A

high pH

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26
Q

thermophiles: extreme

A

high temps

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27
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

highest temps

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28
Q

psychrophiles

A

15 celecius or lower

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29
Q

Halophiles

A

high salt

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30
Q

osmsophiles

A

high sugar

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31
Q

cyanobacteria

A

photosynthesis; some are Nitrogen fixers; ‘blooms’ can make toxins

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32
Q

Plasmids

A

extra DNA rings with few genes; replicate independently; add diversity

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33
Q

photoautotrops

A

use energy from sun and carbon from carbon dioxide

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34
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

obtain both energy and carbon from an organic chemical source

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35
Q

chemolithoautotrops

A

obtain their energy from inorganic compounds and they build their complex molecules from carbon dioxide

36
Q

photoheterotrops

A

obtain their energy from light but their carbon from organic compounds

37
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

N(O2)- TO N(o3)-

38
Q

endospores

A

under stress bacteria produce endospores; survive heat, drought for years

39
Q

archaea

A

extremophiles and methanogens; no human disease causing archaeans

40
Q

symbiosis

A

two species living in close relationship

41
Q

parasitism

A

smaller parasite benefits at expense of other species

42
Q

commensalism

A

one sp. benefits w/o any impact on other sp.

43
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit from each other

44
Q

nitrogen cycle: decomposers

A

break down nutrients through ammonification to ammonium (NH4+)

45
Q

protists first overserved by ___________ in _____

A

Antonie van Leewenhoek; 1674

46
Q

second endocytosis examples

A

chloropasts; Chlorarachniphytes; Akashiwa; some photoautotrops

47
Q

apicomplexans

A

unicellular parasites of animals; no cell walls; apical complex helps them enter host cells; complex life cycles (more than one host); malaria

48
Q

stramenophile: diatoms

A

phytoplankton; primary producers; yellow and brown pigment accessory; SILICA WALLS; no flagella except gamete; PHOTOAUTOTROPHS (secondary endosymbiosis)

49
Q

steamenophiles: brown algae

A

mulitcellular; seeweeds; large THALLOSE form, CELLUOSE AND ALGIN cell wall; ex: kelp; alteration of gen.

50
Q

stramenophiles: oomycetes

A

absorptive heterotrophs; resemble fungi; diploid; potato famine; spores have flagella

51
Q

excavata: diplomonads

A

unicellular; multiple flagella; no cell wall; ANEROBIC; reduced mitochondria; GIARDIA INTESTINALIS -> instine parasite… durable cysts consumed in water

52
Q

excavata: parabasalids

A

unicellular; multiple flagella; no cell wall; anerobic… asexual; symbiotic; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

53
Q

Excavata: Euglenozoans

A

crystalline rod; (2 degree chloroplast)
heterotrops or mixotrophs
TRYPANOSOME - blood parasite

54
Q

foraminiferans:

A

Under group: Rhizaria; unicellular; marine plankton; threadlike pseudopodia; shells of CALCIUM CARBONATE

55
Q

green algae

A

charophyte

56
Q

fungal nutrition

A

hyphae: feed by absorbing simple o-compounds; ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPS; SECRETE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES; saprobes some are parsites

57
Q

cell structure fungus

A

membrane-bound nucleus. DNA surrounded by histone proteins
mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus
no chloroplasts
often have pigments
CELL WALL: chitin and glucans
CHITIN: N-acetal-D-glucosamine gives structural strength to cell walls

58
Q

main body of fungus

A

mycelium

59
Q

chytidiomycota

A

“the chytrids”; simplist most primitive; chitin; only fungi with FLAGELLA; flagellated spores (zoospores); aquatic

60
Q

two types of mating (fungus)

A

+ or - mating types

61
Q

homothallic

A

when both mating types are present in the same fungus

62
Q

heterothallic

A

requires two different, but compatible, fungi to reproduce

63
Q

3 steps in sexual repro: fungus

A
  1. plasmogamy
  2. heterokaryotic stage
  3. karyogamy
64
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of haploid + and - hyape

65
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of haploid + and - hyape

66
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of haploid + and - hyape

66
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of haploid + and - hyphae

67
Q

heterokaryotic stage

A

hyphae with unfused haploid nuclei of both types

68
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of +/- haploid to nuclei to form zygote (2n)

69
Q

fungi mutualists

A

mycorrhizal fungi help plants absorb moisture and minerals
fungus gets sugar form plants

70
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A

fungus remains outside root and between cells (mutualist)

71
Q

endomycorrhizae

A

fungi penetrate cell walls and form haustoria; all glomeromycetes

72
Q

yeasts

A

live on water films; moist tissue

73
Q

hyphae have cell walls of

A

chitin

74
Q

septate or coenocytic hyphae

A

allow rapid cytoplasmic streaming

75
Q

haustoria

A

hyphae: penetrates cell walls of host plants without killing cell

76
Q

fungal pathogens attack plants:

A

rusts and smuts

77
Q

fungal pathgens produce mycotoxins

A

ergot

78
Q

fungal pathogens infect humans

A

mycosis

79
Q

fungal pathogens infect humans

A

mycosis

80
Q

fungal pathogens infect humans

A

mycosis

80
Q

fungal pathogens infect humans

A

mycosis

81
Q

fungal pathogens infect animals

A

chytrids, ascomycete

82
Q

Tobacco virus discovery person

A

Adolph Meyer 1886

83
Q

virus person

A

Dmitri Ivanowski 1892

Biol 112 (7 decks)

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