Lab Exam 2!!!! Flashcards

Question

p = q =

Answer 1

p = the frequency of the dominant allele q = the frequency of the recessive allele

Answer 2

In order for HW equilibrium to take place... 1. No mutation 2. Random mating 3. population is large 4. immigration and emigration do not occur 5. There is no natural selection In a population at Hardy-Weinber equilibrium 1. Evolution does not occur 2. Genotypic frequencies can be predicted from allelic frequencies

Answer 3

Genotypic frequency is the fraction of the population that is a particular genotype. For example, if a population is 20 percent AA, 20 percent Aa, and 60 percent aa, the gentypic frequencies are .2 AA, .2 Aa, and .6 aa

Answer 4

Drift is exaggerated in small populations such as founder populations. A founder population is a small segment of a population that splinters off from a main population. Often a founder population, because of its small size, has a gene pool that differs from that of the parent stock; the incidence of a rare inherited condition may be greater in the founder group than in the parent group. "Genetic bottlenecks" occur in the small population of an endangered species. Drift may cause a loss of many alleles and a drastic reduction in genetic diversity. Even if the population recovers in numbers of individuals, its reduced ability to adapt to changing conditions may assure its eventual extinction.

Answer 5

If you know allelic frequencies for a population, can you calculate gentypic frequencies? Why or why not? If you know allelic frequencies, you can calculate gentypic frequencies if the population is at HW equilibrium, where the frequency of A = p, and a = , we will always see the following genotypic frequencies: AA = p^2 Aa = 2pq aa = q^2

Answer 6

A population can evolve solely due to genetic drift since evolution is simply defined as a change in allelic frequencies, which results from genetic drift.

Answer 7

Some lineages changed very little over time. A good example of this would be living fossils like the horseshoe crab or cockroach. Again, discuss the ecological conditions that might result in this sort of long term evolutionary stasis. Some lineages may appear to change very little over time since only their shells and other polymer structures are left behind in the form of fossils. Likewise, their other features/traits (such as colors, mating habits, internal organs, etc.) are not reflected in the fossil record, which indicates that it is possible that these features evolved as well. Furthermore, a long term evolutionary stasis may occur amongst these species if there is little need to adapt since the ecological conditions remain similar, and the current traits are favorable to survival and reproduction.

Answer 8

Definition of Naturopathic Medicine Naturopathic medicine is a distinct primary health care profession, emphasizing prevention, treatment, and optimal health through the use of therapeutic methods and substances that encourage individuals’ inherent self-healing process. The practice of naturopathic medicine includes modern and traditional, scientific, and empirical methods. The following principles are the foundation of naturopathic medical practice: The Healing Power of Nature (Vis Medicatrix Naturae): Naturopathic medicine recognizes an inherent self-healing process in people that is ordered and intelligent. Naturopathic physicians act to identify and remove obstacles to healing and recovery, and to facilitate and augment this inherent self-healing process. Identify and Treat the Causes (ToIle Causam): The naturopathic physician seeks to identify and remove the underlying causes of illness rather than to merely eliminate or suppress symptoms. First Do No Harm (Primum Non Nocere):Naturopathic physicians follow three guidelines to avoid harming the patient: Utilize methods and medicinal substances which minimize the risk of harmful side effects, using the least force necessary to diagnose and treat; Avoid when possible the harmful suppression of symptoms; and Acknowledge, respect, and work with individuals’ self-healing process. Doctor as Teacher (Docere): Naturopathic physicians educate their patients and encourage self-responsibility for health. They also recognize and employ the therapeutic potential of the doctor-patient relationship. Treat the Whole Person: Naturopathic physicians treat each patient by taking into account individual physical, mental, emotional, genetic, environmental, social, and other factors. Since total health also includes spiritual health, naturopathic physicians encourage individuals to pursue their personal spiritual development. Prevention: Naturopathic physicians emphasize the prevention of disease by assessing risk factors, heredity and susceptibility to disease, and by making appropriate interventions in partnership with their patients to prevent illness. Naturopathic Practice Naturopathic practice includes the following diagnostic and therapeutic modalities: clinical and laboratory diagnostic testing, nutritional medicine, botanical medicine, naturopathic physical medicine (including naturopathic manipulative therapy), public health measures, hygiene, counseling, minor surgery, homeopathy, acupuncture, prescription medication, intravenous and injection therapy, and naturopathic obstetrics (natural childbirth).

Answer 9

Vestigial structures have lost most if not all of their original funtion through evolution. For example, the appendix in humans is a vestigial structure that previously had digestive functions, much as it does in extant species that hydrolyze cellulose and similar indigestible plant materials using intestinal flora. Meanwhile, the often non-functionminiamlly developed ear muscles are vestigial structures that are remnants of the muscles that humans' ancestors utilized to better hear potential predators.

Answer 10

cladistics: an approach to systemeatics in which common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms.

Answer 11

Why are phylogenies useful to scientists? Phylogenies, or evolutionary histories of a species or group of species, are useful to scientists since they illustrateevolutionary relationships between organisms. Phylogenies reveal how exactly two species share homologous characteristics because of common ancestry. The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a phylogenetic tree. Also, phylogies are inferred from morphological and molecular data. Phylogenies are quite useful for many applications. Phylogenies are helpful in determining the source sof food sold as whale meat in Japan, and have also been useful in determining the sources of anthrax bacteria through using phylogenetic trees based on DNA data. Phylogenies provide a great deal of information, including the closes living relatives of plants such as maize, which may be useful in genetic engineering.

Answer 12

Taxonomy is the study of classfication. Classification, specifically biological classification, is the orderly arrangement of organisms in a hierarchical system that ideally reflects evolutionary history.

Answer 13

Life cycle of a Plasmodium The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. There is a sporogonic cycle, exo-erythrocytic cycle, and a erythrocytic cycle.

Answer 14

What would you expect if natural selection existed and as different for the two populations in this exercise? For example, what if the black individuals could not reproduce in Pop. A, and the black eyed indivduals could not reproduce in population b? If natural selection existed and was different for the two populations in this exercise, the two subpopulations would be more dissimilar in the last generation than the first. If black individuals could not reproduce in population A, there would be no black individuals in the last generation. Likewise, if the blacked indivudals could not reproduce in population B, they would go extinct, and not exist in ensuing generation

Answer 15

List two additional examples of convergent evolution and discuss what might have caused these changes Both whales and bats have developed echolocation. Bats developed echolocation to navigate through dark caves, while whales developed echolocation to travel through the murky, dark waters of the ocean. Also, flying fish developed the ability to fly above water in order to avoid predators, whereas birds developed the ability to fly (most likely) after developing wings to caputre small prey and attract mates. Later, these wings were useful in order to migrate, avoid predators, and scavenge for food.

Answer 16

autapomorphy A character that occurs in only one taxon. Autapomorphies demonstrate the uniqueness of taxa, but they don't help the cladist identify clades (monophyletic groups).

Answer 17

paraphyletic group A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestor and some of its descendants. A paraphyletic group is an incomplete clade, or a grade. It is defined by the absence of at least one character (all group members lack some particular character(s).

Answer 18

polyphyletic group A polyphyletic group includes two or more taxa, but not the common ancestor of those taxa. A polyphyletic gropu is defined by at least one similar character that evolved independently (by convergent or parallel evolution) in each group member. Taxa are placed in a polyphyleticc group because they share some superficially similarity, not because they are closely related to one another. Always ask yourself: Are the taxa put together on the basis of superficial similarity (polyphyletic group) or synapomorphy (monophyletic group)?

Answer 19

plasmodial slime molds Slime molds are sometimes referred to as the "lower fungi" because they are coenocytic during part of their life cycle. Also, therea re some ways in which slimme molds resemble amoebas. Some slime molds, known as plasmodial slime molds (phylum Myxomycota), are multinucleated masses of streaming protoplasm. Others, the cellular slime molds have bodies, or plasmodia, composed of aggregates of small cells called amoebas. These amoebas retain their identity as individual cells.

Lab Exam 2!!!! Flashcards

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