Lab exam 2 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What are feedback loops
A
They are made up of the steps used to achieve homeostasis
2
Q
Homeostasis
A
the maintenance of a fairly constant internal environment, even through external stressors.
3
Q
Set point
A
is the level of each of these variables that the body works to maintain
4
Q
Antagonistic systems
A
When one stimulus/mechanism is bringing something down for example when another is bringing it up. The stronger one will affect the action
5
Q
Stimulus
A
change in a physiological variable from its set point
6
Q
sensor
A
a structure that detects that change or stimulus is called
7
Q
integrating center
A
structure that can analyze the information about the variable, to compare the current state to the desired set point is called…
8
Q
effector
A
the structure that can act to adjust the condition by bringing the variable back to its set point is called..
9
Q
responce
A
outcome of the effectors action
10
Q
afferent pathway
A
linking the sensor to the integrating center
11
Q
efferent pathway
A
linking the integrating center to the effector
12
Q
effectors action
A
what the effector does to get the response
13
Q
what part of a feedback loop is a “signal”
A
the stimulus
14
Q
what part of a feedback loop is “sensory receptors”
A
the sensors
15
Q
what part of a feedback loop is “sensory neurons”
A
afferent pathway
16
Q
What are the two major branches of the efferent neural pathways
A
The autonomic neurons and the somatic motor neurons
17
Q
What is the typical color of effectors represented in our book images
A
blue
18
Q
negative feedback loops
A
result in a reverse of the original stimulus
19
Q
positive feedback loops
A
the response is in the same direction as the initial stimulus. The stimulus is being amplified
20
Q
Is a decrease in carbon dioxide below normal levels a negative or positive feedback loop
A
negative
21
Q
Is a increase in blood pressure above normal levels a negative or positive feedback loop
A
negative
22
Q
Is a uterine contractions during birth a negative or positive feedback loop
A
positive
23
Q
Is a accumulation of hydrogen ions in the body fluids a negative or positive feedback loop
A
negative
24
Q
What is the sensor type for blood oxygen stimulus
A
Chemoreceptor
25
what is the sensor type for body fluid H+
chemoreceptor
26
what is the sensor type for light
photoreceptor
27
what is the sensor type for body temp
thermoreceptor
28
what is the sensor type for blood oxygen
chemoreceptor
29
what is the sensor type for pain
nociceptors
30
what is the sensor type for osmolarity of body fluids
osmoreceptor
31
what is the sensor type for blood pressure
baroreceptor
32
What is the corresponding sensor for carbon dioxide
chemoreceptor
33
What is the corresponding sensor for oxygen
chemoreceptor
34
What is the corresponding sensor for hydrogen ions
chemoreceptor
35
What is the corresponding sensor for glucose
chemoreceptor
36
What is the corresponding sensor for blood pressure/flow
baroreceptor
37
What is the corresponding sensor for body temp
thermoreceptor
38
What is the corresponding sensor for muscle stretch
proprioceptor
39
What is the corresponding sensor for muscle tension or contraction
proprioceptor
40
what is the corresponding sensor for head/body rotation
proprioceptor
41
Where in the body is the sensor located for muscle tension/contraction
The sensor is a proprioceptor that is located in the golgi tendon organ (muscle-tendon junction)
42
where in the body is the sensor located for muscle stretch
muscle spindle (skeletal muscle)
43
What is the corresponding sensor for osmolarity of body fluids
osmoreceptors
44
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: changes in light intensity
photoreceptors
45
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: different light wavelengths (colors)
photoreceptors
46
what is the location of the sensor for changes in light intensity
retina of eye (rods)
47
what is the location of the sensor for different light wavelengths (colors)
retina of eye (cones)
48
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: head and body rotation
the hearing and equilibrium hair cells
49
what is the location of the sensor for head and body rotation
vestibular hair cells
50
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: noise and sound
hearing and equilibrium hair cells
51
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: vibration
touch receptors
52
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: flutter stroking
touch receptors
53
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: skin stretching
touch receptors
54
What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: texture or pressure
touch receptors
55
What is the integrating center location for appetite
hypothalamus
56
What is the integrating center location for blood CO2
medulla oblongata and pons
57
What is the integrating center location for blood pH
medulla oblongata and pons
58
What is the integrating center location for blood pressure
medulla oblongata and hypothalamus
59
What is the integrating center location for hearing
primary audio cortex
60
What is the integrating center location for osmolarity
hypothalamus
61
What is the integrating center location for smell
primary olfactory cortex
62
What is the integrating center location for temperature
hypothalamus
63
What is the integrating center location for thirst
hypothalamus
64
What is the integrating center location for ventilation
medulla oblongata and pons
65
What does the integrating center (hypothalamus) control
1. thirst
2. osmolarity
3. temperature
4. appetite
66
what does the integrating center (medulla oblongata and pons) control
1. Blood CO2
2. Blood pH
67
body temperature above the normal range is caller
hyperthermia
68
body temperature below the normal range is called
hypothermia
69
change in temperature is detected by this type of sensor
thermoreceptor
70
heat transfer from direct contact with an object gaining heat from the water in a hot tub is this type
conductive heat gain
71
the average body temperature in the human body is
37 C or 98.6 F
72
the generation of heat is called
thermogenisuis
73
the thermoregulatory regulatory center is located ...
hypothalamus (appetite, temp, thirst, osmolarity) ATTO
74
this type of heat loss is reduced on a humid day
evaporate
75
these signal molecules are cytokines that can increase the set point for temp and cause fever during infection
pyrogens
76
the most dangerous condition related to hyperthermia is ___ which has a 50% mortality rate
heat stroke
77
the effectors for evaporative hear loss are
sweat glands and cutaneous blood vessels
78
the effector for generating heat in the body when temp is below normal
skeletal muscles (shivering)
79
rapid muscle contraction relaxation cycles are responcible for this type of heat production
shivering thermogenesis
80
___ blood vessels that are located just below the skin surface are involved in maintaining body temperature in the cold and in the heat
cutaneous
81
What is the feedback loop for INCREASE in body temp
Stimulus: increase in body temp
Sensor: thermoreceptors in skin
Aff: sensory neurons
integrating center: hypothalamus
Eff: sympathetic cholinergic neurons
Effector: sweat glands
Effector A: produce sweat on body
Response: lower body temp
82
What is the feedback loop for DECREASE in body temp
Stimulus: decrease in body temp
Sensor: central thermoreceptors
Aff: interneurons
integrating center: hypothalamus
Eff: somatic motor neurons
Effector: skeletal muscles
Effector A: shivering thermogenesis
Response: increase in body temp
83
END OF LAB 4
END OF LAB 4
84
What is sensory transduction
converting a physical stimulus from the outside world into patterns of electrical signals (action potentials) that your nervous system can interpret
85
What are photoreceptors modality
they detect light photons
86
what is mechanoreceptors modality
they detect physical force. They are used for hearing and body acceleration
87
what is chemoreceptors modality
they detect specific chemicals
88
What are the special senses
The ones that we are consciously aware of
1. vision
2. hearing
3. taste
4. olfaction
5. somatosensation (touch, temperature, proprioception pain)
89
What are some unconscious senses
blood pressure, blood glucose, body fluid pH etc
90
where is sensory information for all special senses (EXCEPT olfaction) is sent to ____. then it is sent to each specific integrating center
thalamus
91
Stimulus detected by chemoreceptor
CO2, H+, O2, molecules in the food or air, blood glucose
92
stimulus detected by mechanoreceptors
pressure, stretch, or compression of cell, acceleration, sound
93
stimulus detected by photoreceptors
light (photons) of varying wavelengths and levels
94
stimulus detected by thermoreceptors
temperature
95
adequate stimulus
each receptor type detects a specific stimulus called the adequate stimulus
96
____ : a conscious understanding of the stimulus being detected, end result of the processing that takes place in the brain.
perception
97
What is modality
modality is what is being detected by the receptor
98
what are the four properties of a stimulus
modality, location. intensity, and duration
99
Why is the location of the stimulus important
the location of the receptors that are activated direct signals to a specific region in the CNS
100
intensity/strength of the stimulus
has to do with quantitative factors (how loud a sound is, how dim a light is, how rough a surface is). The stronger the stimulus the higher number of AP that will be sent.
Intensity is reflected in the number of receptors activated and the frequency of the receptor firing.
101
Tonic receptors
are slow-adapting. meaning that they are activated as long as the signal is PRESENT.
102
Phasic receptors
face-adapting receptors. they only generate potentials when there is a CHANGE in the stimulus. ex: sitting in a chair and forgetting the feeling of the chair but then realizing when you stand and change the stimulus
103
Olfactory dendrites
Olfactory sensory neurons have dendrites that extend into the nasal cavity. They have G-protein coupled receptors there that have binding sites for the odor molecules.
104
Olfaction summary
Stimulus: odorant molecules
Transduction: depolarization of receptor/primary sensory neuron. Then the release of neurotransmitter to a secondary neuron
Integrating center: olfactory cortex, limbic system.
105
What makes a cell taste sour
hydrogen ions
106
what makes a cell taste sweet
monosaccharides, certain amino acids
107
what makes a cell taste bitter
quinine
108
what makes a cell taste umami
glutamate, nucleotides
109
what makes a cell taste salty
sodium ions, chloride modulates
110
