lab exam 2 Flashcards
(21 cards)
From graphs of VE, or VE relative to VO2 (i.e. VE/ VO2) vs. time, identify where the anaerobic threshold occurs for the participant(s) tested.
Ve= ventilation y axis
time is the x axis
the graph should look like a steady increase of breathing frequency but at a certain time the breathing would significantly increase.
the significant increase is the anaerobic threshold.
which is the better predictor of 40 km cycling time trial performance in both males and females? Lactate threshold or the concentration of lactate in the blood during exercise?
lactate threshold because anaerobic threshold focusses on a specific physiological mechanism
lactate threshold refers to the accumulation of lactate
How would you expect the ventilatory threshold to differ in someone who has a low amount of mitochondria compared to someone with a high amount of mitochondria? What about in someone who has a high % of slow-twitch fibres vs. someone with a low % of slow-twitch fibres? How does the ventilatory threshold change from before to after a period (i.e. 9 weeks) of endurance training?
for higher mitochondria, higher % of slow twitch fibres, after a period of endurance training they all would have ventilatory threshold to occur later, it is higher more energy efficient system
Instead of using a cycle ergometer to determine anaerobic threshold, you could use a hand-crank ergometer. Is anaerobic threshold higher during a cycle ergometer test or an arm-crank ergometer test? What does this tell you about the aerobic fitness of arm versus leg muscles?
anaerobic threshold is higher during a cycle ergometer test because more muscle and slower twitch fibers in the legs. more slow twitch due to walking
the legs have a higher aerobic fitness compared to the arms
is anaerobic threshold a good predictor of performance during a half marathon? Why or why not? (hint: think about the physiology)
b) What is a major limitation of the study
yes its a good predictor because anaerobic threshold is relatively close to half marathon, limitations is the equipment use is expensive and the study only focussed on males not females
Who do you think would perform better on the Wingate test: A sprint cyclist or a middle-distance swimmer? Give two reasons for your answer.
a sprint cyclist would perform better
because wingate is more specefic to their sport
cyclists sprint which is similar to the wingate
leg muscles are stronger in cyclists than swimmers
middle distance swimmers are used to middle distance rather than short distances
Sodium bicarbonate (i.e. baking soda) is often used by medium-sprint athletes (i.e. 400m to 800m runners) to improve performance because it “buffers” lactic acid.
a) What effect does ingestion of sodium bicarbonate have on a single Wingate test
b) repeated wingate tests?
single wingate has no effect because the lactic acid doenst build up until the end of the test so it wouldnt affect it during as you are constantly cycling
for multiple wingate test it has positive effect, ergogeneic effecg because in between sets lactic acid would build up causing soreness and fatigue to the legs.
Low blood ph levels are the cause of the fatigue. sodium bicarbonate acts as a buffer to restore blood pH levels
What effect does creatine monohydrate supplementation have on Wingate test performance? What might be the reason for this effect?
improves wingate peformancer because it enhances short duration, high intensity anaerobic output. improves force
creatine increase PCr, which enhances ATP regenertation during anerobic activity
Compare the three major energy systems (anaerobic ATP-CP, anaerobic glycolytic, and aerobic or oxidative) with regards to the causes of fatigue for each.
ATP-CP fatigue caused of phosphocreatine
Anaerobic glycolytic fatigue caused by lactic acid
aerobic/oxidative fatigue caused by depletion of glycogen
The Wingate test is sometimes used by strength and conditioning coaches, and physiologists to measure anaerobic power during off-season training for winter sports (e.g., hockey players, speed skaters). Do you think this is valid? Provide reasons for or against the use of the Wingate test for these athletes.
Valid because Wingate test results achieved in the offseason are a good predictor of improvements of the 1500 m of speedskating performance in the winter
Good predictor of performance for the regular season
Speedskating, and on ice skating in general
How did the males and females in your lab compare with regards to:
muscle quantity
muscle quality
males are greater in both quality and quanity
however the difference in quality is smaller than in quanity
Would increasing muscle size or muscle quality be more important for an Olympic weightlifter in a light-weight category? Provide a brief reason for your answer.
Increasing muscle quality would be more important, goal of a weightlifter is produce most amount of force per unit of muscle. Order to stay in that lightweight category don’t want a great increase of muscle size
How do females and males differ in terms of age-related strength loss in the knee extensors and knee flexors muscle groups for the following: isometric strength; and isokinetic (dynamic) strength?
no differnce in isometric they both decline around 50-65
isokinetic is more related to sex
women have their decline around 40 and male 60, in knee extensors women see a sooner decline in their strenght faster. lose their knee flexor strength slower
men percieve their knee felxor strength at a greater extent
Muscle hypertrophy (i.e., size) can increase in as little as three weeks of heavy strength training. Aside from synthesis of new proteins, what else might account for the increase in muscle size measurement after three weeks?
muscle swelling, adema, can impact the accuracy of the measurements
How do males and females differ in the satellite cell response before and after a period of resistance training? Which of the sexes shows greater hypertrophy after training?
its the same for satelite cell response, or similar
related to greater fiber size and not sex differences for hypetrophy
between the sexes its the same
What is meant by muscle density? Why might this measurement be important in older adults? (2 marks)
it means the amount of lean muscle tissues compared to fat/adipose tissue
it is important for older adults because decrease in muscle density leads to falls and fractures
Would you expect the bilateral deficit to be larger for a lat pulldown or a grip strength task? Provide evidence to support your answer.
expect the sum of bilateral deficit to be greater in the lat pull down because its more complex lift thay involes multiple joints and greater sized muscles. it uses more stabilizers
How might postural stability during exercise affect the results for the vertical jump in this lab?
if your more stable you will be able to jump higher
the sum of unilateral should be higher than the bilateral jump becasue it requires more stabilization in posture
the bilateral the force is spread out betweent the 2 limbs so it decreases peformance
what happens ot a) motor unit activation and b) the bilateral deficit after unilateral vs. bilateral training?
only unilateral increase muscle electrical activity
Neither starts with a bilateral deficit. unilateral shows bilateral deficit after trainign
bilateral training causes bilateral facilitartion the opposite
explain how the principle of specificity could be applied to a training scenario where a basketball athlete aims to reduce strength asymmetry in their legs?
basketball players should be training unilateral instead of bilateral because it will be more effective to reduce the strength asymmetry in their legs. Which supports the idea of specificity as basketball players have alot unilateral movements well playing
Cross-education” refers to the increase in strength of an untrained limb following training of the opposite limb (i.e. increase in strength of the left arm after training only the right arm). What happens when cross-education is applied during unilateral arm immobilization? Describe two different scenarios where cross-education could be applied in a rehabilitation setting?
offsets the effects of disue like strength of muscle and loss of size.
any unilaterla injury, MS, paralysis, stroke atrophy
