Lab exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Which kidney is lower and why?
A
right due to position of liver
2
Q
What is the function of the bladder?
A
to store urine until voiding
3
Q
adrenal glands are located where?
A
they sit on top of the kidneys
4
Q
are the adrenal glands a part of the urinary system?
A
no
5
Q
what is the outer kidney layer?
A
renal cortex
6
Q
What is the renal medulla
A
the inner kidney layer
7
Q
what is the renal medulla made of
A
alternating renal pyramids and renal columns
8
Q
what is the hilum for the kidney?
A
where renal blood vessels go in and out of kidney and ureter exits
9
Q
where does the ureter exit from the kidney?
A
the hilum
10
Q
what is a nephron
A
functional units of the kidneys
11
Q
how many nephrons per kidney?
A
over 1 million
12
Q
what does a nephron consist of?
A
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
13
Q
what is renal circulation a part of?
A
systemic circulation
14
Q
what is inward blood flow for renal circulation?
A
abdominal aorta - renal arteries - segmental arteries - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - cortical radiate artery - afferent arterioles - glomerulus - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries
15
Q
renal arteries branch off from where?
A
abdominal aorta
16
Q
where do renal arteries enter?
A
kidneys
17
Q
interlobar arteries run through what?
A
renal columns
18
Q
arcuate arteries run along border…
A
between renal cortex and renal medulla
19
Q
what are the two types of capillary exchange areas for the kidneys
A
- glomerulus
- peritubular capillaries
20
Q
what is the glomerulus?
A
specialized capillary bed inside a glomerular capsule, arteriole going in and arteriole coming out
21
Q
what are peritubular capillaries
A
capillary bed surrounding renal tubule, arteriole going in and venule coming out
22
Q
what is outward blood flow in renal circulation?
A
peritubular capillaries - cortical radiate vein - arcuate vein - interlobar veins - renal veins - inferior vena cava
23
Q
what are segmental veins?
A
there are none
24
Q
what is a renal corpuscle composed of?
A
glomerulus and surrounding glomerular capsule
25
what is the capsular space
fluid filled cavity inside glomerular capsule with glomerulus protruding into space
26
what arteriole has larger radius?
afferent arteriole
27
what is the first portion of the renal tubule leading out of the glomerular capsule?
proximal tubule
28
what is the order of the renal tubule
proximal tubule - descending loop of henle - ascending loop of henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
29
where does collecting duct join to
papillae
30
what joins to a shared collecting duct?
many nephrons
31
what's the papillae
porous membrane at end of collecting duct at the base of the renal pyramid
32
what is wrapped around the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular cells
33
where is the macula densa?
in renal tubule wall where ascending loop of henle becomes distal tubule
34
what is in the notch between afferent entering and efferent exiting?
mesangial cells
35
once passed papillae, enters...
minor calyx
36
papillae to ureter
papillae - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter
37
what structure is between the ureters and bladder?
ureteral orifices
38
what surrounds the bladder?
detrusor muscle
39
what structure is between the bladder and the urethra?
internal urethral orifice
40
what is the GI tract order?
mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anal canal - anus
41
what structure or section is outside the teeth?
labial vestibule
42
what structure hangs off the back of the soft palate?
uvula
43
what is the name for baby teeth?
deciduous or primary teeth
44
what is the name for adult teeth?
permanent or secondary teeth
45
what is the function of the canines?
tear or shred food
46
what is the function of the incisors
bite food
47
what is the function of the premolars/molars
crushing and grinding food
48
what structure is anterior and inferior to the ear?
parotid gland
49
what structure is under the tongue?
sublingual gland
50
what structure is inside back edge of mandible/
submandibular gland
51
what structures leading out of salivary glands form passageways from salivary glands into mouth
ducts
52
what structure is between nasal cavity and bottom of uvula?
nasal pharynx
53
what structure is between tip of uvula and top of epiglottis?
oral pharynx
54
what structure is above the larynx and between top of epiglottis and start of hyoid bone
laryngeal pharynx
55
what structure is between the larynx and the esophagus?
upper esophageal sphincter
56
what structure is between the esophagus and the fundus?
lower esophageal sphincter?
57
The order of the stomach parts are...
fundus - body - antrum
58
what structure is between the antrum and duodenum?
pyloric sphincter
59
what is the first part of the small intestine
antrum
60
where does the left gastric artery go to?
lesser curvature at fundus end of stomach
61
where does the common hepatic artery head to?
the liver
62
what comes off the common hepatic artery before reaching the ___?
right gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery
63
where does the right gastric artery go to?
lesser curvature at antrum end of stomach
64
where does the gastroduodenal artery go to?
greater curvature of stomach (also to the duodenum)
65
where does the left gastric vein come from?
fundus end of lesser curvature of stomach
66
where does the right gastric vein come from?
antrum end of lesser curvature of stomach
67
what makes up the portal vein?
left and right gastric veins
68
what does portal vein supply?
blood to the liver, often coloured differently on models
69
what is the last portion before the large intestine
ileum
70
what is the inner surface hierarchy for the small intestine
inner surface composed of circular folds - surface of circular folds composed of villi - surface of villi composed of microvilli
71
what's inside villi
blood capillaries and lacteal
72
what branches off the common hepatic artery?
gastroduodenal artery
73
superior mesenteric artery goes to where?
jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and 1st half of transverse colon
74
inferior mesenteric artery goes to where?
2nd half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
75
gastroduodenal artery goes to where?
duodenum and greater curvature of stomach
76
which liver lobe is larger and smaller
-right: larger
-left: smaller
77
what separates the lobes of liver
falciform ligament
78
falciform ligament attaches to what?
top of diaphragm
79
the gallbladder is where?
sac on lower surface of liver
80
right/left hepatic artery branches off what?
common hepatic artery
81
left and right gastric arteries join where?
toward middle of lesser curvature
82
what is liver blood supply
right and left hepatic arteries for adjacent lobe
83
what are the 2 ducts of the pancreas and where do they open to?
1. pancreatic duct
2. accessory duct
-they open into duodenum
84
pancreatic duct often...
opens in close association with common bile duct from liver (sometimes even a common opening)
85
what makes up the common hepatic duct?
right and left hepatic duct
86
where do right/left hepatic ducts come from?
right/left lobes of liver
87
what ducts are one-way out of liver?
hepatic ducts
88
what duct is two-way?
cystic duct flows into and out of
89
cystic duct flows into and out of what?
gallbladder
90
what makes up the common bile duct
cystic duct and common hepatic duct
91
where does the common bile duct enter?
the duodenum
92
what structure is a ring of smooth muscle around ducts for liver and gallbladder?
sphincter of oddi
93
sphincter of oddi around what?
opening of common bile duct and pancreatic duct
94
what does the sphincter of Oddi control?
opening into duodenum
95
what is the final portion before entering large intestine?
ileum
96
how long is the duodenum
25cm
97
how long is the jejunum?
2.5m
98
how long is the ileum?
3.5m
99
what structure is between the ileum and the large intestine?
ileocecal valve
100
what structure is below the ileocecal valve?
cecum
101
what structures make up the large intestine?
haustra
102
what is a valve?
ring of smooth muscle
103
what structure does the appendix hang off of?
cecum
104
right colic flexure is what?
bend in large intestine near liver
105
left colic flexure is what?
bend in large intestine near fundus of stomach
106
large intestine areas order
ascending colon on right side - right colic flexure - transverse colon - left colic flexure - descending colon on left side - sigmoid colon - rectum
107
superior/inferior mesenteric arteries branch off what?
abdominal aorta
108
which mesenteric artery branches off around celiac trunk?
superior mesenteric artery
109
where does the superior mesenteric vein come from?
jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, 1st half transverse colon
110
where does the inferior mesenteric vein come from?
2nd half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
111
portal vein supplies what?
blood to the liver
112
superior/inferior mesenteric vein and other vessels (including right/left gastric veins) form what?
portal vein
113
what veins come out of liver?
hepatic veins
114
what structure is between the right atrium and the hepatic veins?
inferior vena cava
115
what structures are below the rectum?
anal canal and anus
116
what is the external opening for digestive?
anal canal and anus
117
what structures are around the anal canal?
muscle layers that control exit, internal/external anal sphincter
118
primary lymphatic structures?
bone marrow and thymus
119
secondary lymphatic structures
lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid nodules
120
how many lymph nodes?
around 600
121
what are cervical/axillary/etc lymph nodes?
not individual, rather areas where there are clusters of lymph nodes
122
tonsils are what?
lymphoid nodules
123
where are the pharyngeal tonsils?
top of nasal pharynx
124
where are the palatine tonsils?
where oral cavity changes to oral pharynx
125
where are the lingual tonsils?
posterior of the tongue
126
what is a lacteal?
specialized lymphatic capillary in small intestine villi for absorption of larger fat molecules in chylomicron form
127
what is a chylomicron?
fat transport lipoprotein
128
what are the 4 paired lymphatic trunks?
1. jugular
2. subclavian
3. bronchomediastinal
4. lumbar
129
what is the unpaired lymphatic trunk?
intestinal trunk
130
jugular trunk lymph drainage
neck and head
131
subclavian trunk lymph drainage
arm
132
bronchomediastinal trunk lymph drainage
lungs, heart, trachea, and mammary glands
133
lumbar trunk lymph drainage
legs, pelvis, kidneys
134
intestinal trunk lymph drainage
stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen, liver
135
what is the cisterna chyli
sac that lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk drain into
136
what forms the thoracic duct?
drainage from cisterna chyli
137
right lymphatic duct enters where?
right subclavian vein
138
thoracic duct enters where?
left subclavian vein?
139
what branches off celiac trunk and supplies spleen?
splenic artery
140
what are the 3 main branches off of the celiac trunk?
1. left gastric artery
2. common hepatic artery
3. splenic artery
141
splenic vein joins what?
other veins such as gastric and mesenteric veins to form the portal vein leading to the liver
