Lab exam 2

Question 1

What are angiosperms?

Answer 1

Angiosperms are plants whose seeds develop inside of a fruit.

The term angiosperm translates to seed container, referring to the seeds developing within a fruit.

Question 2

What is a carpel?

Answer 2

The carpel contains the megasporangia which ultimately produce female gametophytes.

A complete flower has carpels; incomplete flowers may lack either the carpel or the stamen.

Question 3

What is the function of cones in conifers?

Answer 3

Conifers produce spores in cones which are clusters of modified leaves.

There are two types of cones: ovulate cones and pollen cones.

Question 4

What is the role of the cuticle in plants?

Answer 4

The cuticle restricts water loss to the stomata and is a feature of leaves.

Thicker cuticles are common in plants growing in drier environments.

Question 5

What does dioecious refer to?

Answer 5

Dioecious refers to gametophytes that develop from heterospores in seed plants.

Question 6

What is endosperm?

Answer 6

Endosperm is an energy source absorbed by the seed leaves (cotyledons).

It provides nutrition for the embryo until it can photosynthesize.

Question 7

Define gymnosperm.

Answer 7

Gymnosperms are seed plants that have ‘naked’ seeds which develop from exposed ovules.

Question 8

What is a megagametophyte?

Answer 8

Megaspores germinate into female megagametophytes retained within the ovules of seed plants.

The mature female megagametophyte develops within the ovaries of the carpel.

Question 9

What does a megasporangium produce?

Answer 9

A megasporangium produces megaspores through the division of a single megasporocyte by meiosis.

Question 10

What is a megasporocyte?

Answer 10

A megasporocyte is a large cell within the megasporangium that divides to produce four haploid megaspores.

Question 11

What are microgametophytes?

Answer 11

Male microgametophytes are also known as pollen grains.

They develop within the microsporangia located in the anthers of flowering plants.

Question 12

What is a microsporangium?

Answer 12

Microsporangia are structures where male microgametophytes (pollen grains) develop.

Question 13

What is a microsporocyte?

Answer 13

A microsporocyte is a cell within the microsporangium that will produce haploid microspores.

All cells within the microsporangia are diploid until meiotic divisions are complete.

Question 14

What is an ovulate cone?

Answer 14

An ovulate cone is a structure where ovules develop and contain megasporangia.

Question 15

What is an ovule?

Answer 15

An ovule is the megasporangium and the integument surrounding it, which develops into a seed after fertilization.

Question 16

What is a pollen cone?

Answer 16

A pollen cone is a structure that produces thousands of microgametophytes or pollen grains.

Question 17

What is a sorus?

Answer 17

A sorus is a cluster of sporangia on the lower surface of leaflets of a mature fern sporophyte.

Question 18

What does a stamen contain?

Answer 18

The stamen contains the microsporangia and ultimately produces male gametophytes.

Question 19

Antheridia

Answer 19

Specialized structure in plants where haploid sperm are produced by the male gametophyte

Question 20

Apical meristem

Answer 20

Growing point at the tips of roots and shoots responsible for primary growth (increase in length)

Question 21

Archegonia

Answer 21

Specialized structure in plants where haploid eggs are produced and where fertilization occurs by sperm

Question 22

Archegonia

Answer 22

Specialized structure in plants where haploid eggs are produced and where fertilization occurs by sperm

Question 23

Dormancy

Answer 23

A state of reduced metabolic activity in seeds or spores that allows them to survive unfavorable conditions

Question 24

Gametangium

Answer 24

A multicellular structure in plants where gametes (sperm or eggs) are produced. Examples include antheridia and archegonia.

Question 25

Gametophyte

Answer 25

The multicellular haploid (n) generation in the alternation of generations life cycle of plants that produces gametes through mitosis

Question 26

Haplodiplontic

Answer 26

A type of life cycle in plants characterized by an alternation between a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) generation and a multicellular diploid (sporophyte) generation. Also known as alternation of generations.

Question 27

Heterospory

Answer 27

The production of two distinct types of haploid spores by the sporophyte: megaspores (which develop into female gametophytes) and microspores (which develop into male gametophytes). Seen in seed plants and some seedless vascular plants.

Question 28

Homospory

Answer 28

The production of one type of haploid spore by the sporophyte, which typically develops into a gametophyte that may produce both sperm and eggs. Seen in nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants.

Question 29

Megaspore

Answer 29

A larger haploid spore produced by a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte (megagametophyte)

Question 30

Microspore

Answer 30

A smaller haploid spore produced by a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte (microgametophyte or pollen grain)

Question 31

Pollination

Answer 31

The transfer of pollen (male gametophyte) to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules (e.g., stigma of a flower or ovulate cone)

Question 32

Pollen

Answer 32

In seed plants, the male gametophyte enclosed within a protective coat. Contains cells that will generate sperm.

Question 33

Seed coat

Answer 33

The protective outer layer of a seed that develops from the integument of the ovule

Question 34

Sporangium

Answer 34

A multicellular structure in plants where diploid sporocytes undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores

Question 35

Spore

Answer 35

A haploid reproductive cell with a thick wall (often containing sporopollenin) that is capable of developing into a new organism (gametophyte in plants) without fusion with another cell. Produced by meiosis in the sporangium.

Question 36

Sporocyte

Answer 36

A diploid cell within a sporangium that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores

Question 37

Sporophyte

Answer 37

The multicellular diploid (2n) generation in the alternation of generations life cycle of plants that produces haploid spores through meiosis

Question 38

Thallus

Answer 38

A plant body that lacks true roots, stems, or leaves. Characteristic of nonvascular plants.