Lab Exam 2

Question 1

What is passive transport?

Answer 1

No energy is required; moves down the gradient (high → low).

Question 2

What is active transport?

Answer 2

Requires energy (ATP); moves against the gradient (low → high).

Question 3

What are the means of passive transport?

Answer 3

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

Question 4

What are the means of active transport?

Answer 4

Protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis.

Question 5

Give an example of passive transport.

Answer 5

Oxygen entering cells, water moving via osmosis.

Question 6

Give an example of active transport.

Answer 6

Sodium-potassium pump, glucose uptake in intestines.

Question 7

What is endocytosis?

Answer 7

Cell engulfs material (phagocytosis, pinocytosis).

Question 8

What is exocytosis?

Answer 8

Cell expels material in vesicles.

Question 9

What is equilibrium?

Answer 9

When solute concentration is equal throughout a solution.

Question 10

Define solution.

Answer 10

A homogeneous mixture.

Question 11

What is a solvent?

Answer 11

Substance that dissolves solute (e.g., water).

Question 12

What is a solute?

Answer 12

Substance dissolved (e.g., salt).

Question 13

What happens in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 13

Water enters the cell → swells.

Question 14

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 14

Water leaves the cell → shrinks.

Question 15

What happens in an isotonic solution?

Answer 15

No net water movement.

Question 16

What is cytolysis?

Answer 16

Bursting of animal cells in a hypotonic solution.

Question 17

What is plasmolysis?

Answer 17

Shrinking of plant cells in a hypertonic solution.

Question 18

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 18

Breakdown of glucose for ATP.

Question 19

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 19

Respiration that occurs with oxygen.

Question 20

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 20

Respiration that occurs without oxygen.

Question 21

What is glycolysis?

Answer 21

First step of cellular respiration; breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

Question 22

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

Answer 22

Glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix), Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane).

Question 23

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 23

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ~36 ATP.

Question 24

How do photosynthesis and respiration relate?

Answer 24

They are opposite processes; one stores energy, the other releases it.

Question 25

What is fermentation?

Answer 25

Anaerobic process to regenerate NAD⁺.

Question 26

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 26

Occurs in muscles.

Question 27

What is ethanol fermentation?

Answer 27

Occurs in yeast.

Question 28

What is the lactic acid fermentation equation?

Answer 28

Glucose → 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP.

Question 29

What is the ethanol fermentation equation?

Answer 29

Glucose → 2 Ethanol + 2 CO₂ + 2 ATP.

Question 30

What is the fermentation pathway?

Answer 30

Glycolysis → fermentation products.

Question 31

Compare aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Answer 31

Aerobic: More ATP, requires O₂; Fermentation: Less ATP, no O₂.

Question 32

What role does yeast play in fermentation?

Answer 32

Uses fermentation for energy; CO₂ makes bread rise; ethanol for alcohol.

Question 33

What apparatus/methods are used in cellular respiration labs?

Answer 33

Respirometers, glucose tests, CO₂ indicators.

Question 34

What do photosynthetic organisms do?

Answer 34

Convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).

Question 35

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

Answer 35

Includes visible (ROYGBIV) and nonvisible (UV, IR, etc.) light.

Question 36

How do objects appear in terms of color perception?

Answer 36

Objects reflect the color you see and absorb others.

Question 37

What are pigments?

Answer 37

Substances that absorb light for photosynthesis (chlorophyll = green).

Question 38

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 38

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Question 39

What happens in light-dependent reactions?

Answer 39

Occurs in thylakoids; needs light, makes ATP/NADPH.

Question 40

What happens in light-independent reactions?

Answer 40

Occurs in stroma; uses ATP/NADPH to make glucose (Calvin cycle).

Question 41

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 41

Organelles containing thylakoids (light reactions) and stroma (dark reactions).

Question 42

What is DNA?

Answer 42

Double helix that carries genetic information.

Question 43

What is DNA extraction?

Answer 43

Break cell membrane + dissolve proteins to isolate DNA.

Question 44

What are somatic cells?

Answer 44

Cells that undergo mitosis for growth/repair.

Question 45

What are gametes?

Answer 45

Cells that undergo meiosis for reproduction.

Question 46

What is the somatic cell cycle?

Answer 46

Interphase: G₁, S (DNA replication), G₂; Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm.

Question 47

What is meiosis?

Answer 47

Two divisions resulting in 4 haploid gametes.

Question 48

What is the significance of tetrad, synapsis, and crossing over?

Answer 48

They contribute to genetic diversity.

Question 49

Compare mitosis and meiosis.

Answer 49

Mitosis produces 2 identical cells; Meiosis produces 4 diverse gametes.

Question 50

What is slide ID?

Answer 50

Recognizing stages in microscope or models.

Question 51

What is the importance of microscopes?

Answer 51

They allow viewing of tiny structures.

Question 52

What are the parts of a microscope?

Answer 52

Ocular, objective lenses, stage, diaphragm, light, base, arm.

Question 53

How should a microscope be handled?

Answer 53

Use both hands and start on the lowest power.

Question 54

How do you examine a slide?

Answer 54

Use coarse focus then fine focus.

Question 55

What is magnification?

Answer 55

Ocular (10×) × Objective (4×, 10×, 40×).

Question 56

What is a wet mount?

Answer 56

Place sample + water on slide, cover with a slip.

Question 57

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 57

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Question 58

What are the 6 kingdoms?

Answer 58

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Bacteria, Archaea.

Question 59

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 59

Prokaryotic: No nucleus; Eukaryotic: Has nucleus.

Question 60

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 60

Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; Animal cells have no cell wall and contain centrioles.