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Bio 220 > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormally high total WBC count is known as

A

Leukocytosis

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2
Q

Abnormally low WBC, known as

A

Leukopenia

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3
Q

If there is cancer of the bone marrow affecting the production and normal maturation of WBC, is called

A

Leukemia

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4
Q

How would you distinguish between Leukemia and Leukocytosis

A

Blood smear: abnormal and immature WBC indicates leukemia. Normal cells indicate leukocytosis. Leukemia can lead to leukocytosis.

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5
Q

Why do we use the weak acidic solution (1% Glacial Acetic Acid) when counting WBCs on a Hemocytometer?

A

the weak acid causes the RBCs to lyse, leaving only the WBCs intact for our count.

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6
Q

Most to least common Granuloctyes

A

Neutrophils are most common (50-70%), Eosinophils (1-3%) and Basophils and Mast Cells are Rare.

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7
Q

Most common to least common Agranuloctyes

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells (20-35%) and Monocytes and Macrophages are 1-6%.

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8
Q

Main cells of the immune system responsible for recognizing and fighting off foreign invaders, like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. Play a crucial role in both cell-mediated immunity, where T cell directly attack infected or cancerous cells and antibody production by B cells.

A

Lymphocyte

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9
Q

– defend against infection and other threats to the body by differentiating into other immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells and phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris.

A

Monocytes

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10
Q

defend against parasitic infections and modulating allergic reactions.

A

Eosinophils

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11
Q

allergic reactions and inflammation, where they release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Play a role in innate immunity, particularly against parasites.

A

Basophils

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12
Q

engulf and destroy pathogens like bacteria and fungi through a process called phagocytosis. Contribute to inflammation and tissue repair by releasing antimicrobial substances and signals.

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

Foreign proteins

A

Antigen

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14
Q

Antibody

A

or Immunoglobulin that is a protein produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances.

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15
Q

Normal breathing at rest

A

Eupnea

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16
Q

Does exercise stimulate and increase or decrease in tidal volume and frequency of breathing

A

Increase

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17
Q

What is the result when the waste product CO2 reacts with water in the ISF?

A

Carbonic Acid

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18
Q

CO2 + H2O = ?

A

H2CO3
(Carbonic Acid)

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19
Q

What does carbonic acid (H2CO3) dissociate into?

A

H+ + HCO3-

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20
Q

Law of Mass Action

A

Equilibrium of a reversible reaction

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21
Q

How do free H+ ions affect ISF?

A

Cause the pH to drop
(The more H+ ions the lower the pH)

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22
Q

Increased ventilation during exercise?

A

Hyperpnea

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23
Q

Not breathing deeply or frequently enough to eliminate the increasing CO2 in the body during exercise?

A

Hypoventilating

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24
Q

Retention of Carbon dioxide

A

Hypercapnia

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25
Respiratory acidosis
Drop in pH
26
Insufficient oxygen at the cellular level
Hypoxia
27
At rest, excessive elimination of CO2, low carbonic acid levels in ECF and increase in ECF pH
Hyperventilate
28
Increase in ECF pH
Respiratory alkalosis
29
Resist pH change for donating H+ or absorbing H+
Chemical Buffer
30
What is the buffering action of proteins
the amino group (-NH2) can absorb free H+, while the carboxyl group (-COOH) can donate H+ to a basic solution.
31
A chemical that can lose/donate a H+
Acid
32
A chemical that can accept/absorb a H+
A base
33
Is -NH2 an acid or base?
A base
34
Is -COOH an acid or base?
An acid
35
What is a Phenolphthalein indicator?
An indicator that is pink in alkaline solutions between pH 8-10 and red at pH >10 and clear in solutions that have pH less than or equal to 8.0
36
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.
Tidal Volume (TV)
37
The additional air inhaled after a normal breath, using maximum effort
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
38
The additional air exhaled after a normal breath, using maximum effort
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
39
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
40
Why would it take more time to clear the unbuffered control vs the buffered solution?
it would take longer to clear an unbuffered solution compared to a buffered solution because the unbuffered solution lacks the ability to resist pH changes. Buffers, on the other hand, minimize pH fluctuations by absorbing excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions, allowing the system to maintain a more stable pH during the clearing process.
41
What part of the nephron is where the filtrate is modified chemically?
Nephron tubule
42
As filtrate flows through the tubule, how are substances added?
Secretion
43
As the filtrate flows through the tubule, how are substances recovered?
reabsorption back into the tissues surrounding the tubule
44
The 2 parts of the nephron
Vascular and tubular elements
45
Regions of the nephron tubule in sequence
Bowman's capsule > Proximal tubule > DLOH > ALOH > Distal Tubule > Collecting Duct > Renal pelvis
46
A major electrolyte in our bodies
Sodium Chloride Excess NaCl is excreted in the urine
47
What controls the secretion and reabsorption of sodium chloride (NaCl)?
hormones
48
What passively follows Sodium
Chloride
49
How can we accurately estimate the concentration of sodium excreted in our urine
by measuring the chloride concentration in our urine.
50
What is the measurement of the concentration of the fluid (measurement of solutes)
Specific gravity
51
What will happen if a urinometer is put in pure water, which has a specific gravity of 1.000 (no salts)
It will sink to the lowest depth. (normal urine has a specific gravity of 1.010 to 1.025
52
What instrument is used to determine the density or specific gravity of a solution?
A refractometer
53
What is the final product derived from the fluid that moves through the nephron tubule
Urine
54
What is similar to the composition of plasma but does not contain any of the large plasma proteins
filtrate
55
Why are both sodium and water readily filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus of the nephron
Low molecular weights
56
Why does any sodium reabsorbed need active transport, while water is reabsorbed "passively" (no ATP required)
Osmotic gradient
57
Blood is composed of two portions
Plasma and the formed elements
58
95% of the formed elements in blood are what?
Erythrocytes (RBC)
59
What percentage of the oxygen in the blood is carried by Hemoglobin?
98% (2% carried directly by plasma)
60
The ability of the blood to carry oxygen from the lungs to the metabolizing tissues is dependent on two things:
1) the concentration of hemoglobin in the RBCs 2) the number of RBCs in the blood
61
Microscope used to count RBCs
Hemocytometer (Hemacytometer)
62
Know how to make dilutions:
add 5 microliters of blood into the tube of physiological saline to dilute 1:200. The P-20 micropipettor would be set to 0-5-0. Cap saline tube and gently mix prior to loading the sample on the hemocytometer. (we dilute the sample, because otherwise there would be too many RBCs to count. It is also important for the diluent to be an isotonic saline solution, so that the RBC (erythrocytes) do not lyse.
63
Know how to use a hemocytometer to count RBCs:
pipette 10 microliters of diluted blood from the saline tube and slowly load the hemocytometer by filling under the coverslip at the V-shaped depression. Ensure no air bubbles. Locate the center grids on the hemocytometer using the 4x objective. Change to 10x, focus and move to 40x to count the total number of RBC in the 16 squares of each of the five indicated squares #1-5. (note, include RBCs the upper or left hand lines, not the lower and right side lines. (NO OIL IMMERSION – will rub on the hemocytometer and damage it.
64
Count RBCs from photographs:
Count the #of RBCs in the 5 squares. Then multiply by 10,000 (to correct for the dilution and volume of sample counted). This gives you the actual number of erythrocytes (RBC) per cubic mm of blood. (RBCs/mm^3) (normal range is 4 to 6 million RBCs/mm^3) (RBCs on upper or left hand line, include it in your count. DO NOT include RBCs that lie on the lower or right hand lines.
65
defined as the percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of whole blood
Hematocrit (Hct) - essentially tells you what percent of the blood is made of cells. The Hct is also affected by the size of the RBCs, which may be altered in disease states.
66
Know what a hemoglobinometer is and how to use it:
shines a light onto a sample of hemolyzed blood (lysed RBCs) and the color density is compared to a standard sample of known Hemoglobin concentration. The hemoglobinometer has been pre-calibrated for use and is ready to measure Hb concentrations in a blood sample. Turn on device. Look for a flashing test cartridge symbol on the right side of the screen. Insert a test cartridge into the channel below the buttons on the front console with the arrow facing up and toward the device. The test symbol will stop flashing if inserted correctly. When the flashing blood drop symbol appears, dispense 10microliters of whole blood (using a P20 micropipette) directly on the white circle of the test cartridge and wait for the reading. The large reading is Hb (g/dl) and you will find the hematocrit reading at the bottom of the screen (HCT). Normal Hb concentration for adult male is 14-17 g/dl; for an adult female, it is 12-16 g/dl.
67
How is the Hct most accurately determined
by centrifuging a small sample of blood at high speed in a plugged capillary tube and then measuring the height of the column of RBCs beneath the plasma and WBC layer. The height of the RBC column is then divided by the height of the total sample in your capillary tube and then multiplied by 100 to get a %.
68
What is another term for the hematocrit?
packed cell volume (PCV)
69
A pigment found inside the erythrocytes that determines oxygen carrying capacity
Hemoglobin (Hb) (also carries a small amount of carbon dioxide away from the metabolizing tissues and subsequently releases it into the lungs for exhalation.
70
What does it mean if hemoglobin is purplish color
Oxygen concentration is low
71
Why is arterial blood red and venous blood purplish?
Arterial blood is high in oxygen (oxygenated blood) and venous blood is deoxygenated blood.
72
What is used to measure hemoglobin concentration in the blood
Hemoglobinometer (shines a light onto a sample of hemolyzed blood (lysed RBCs) and the color density is compared to a standard sample of known hemoglobin concentration.
73
What reading does a AimStrip Hb Hemoglobin meter give you
large reading is Hb (g/dl) and hematocrit (HCT) on bottom of screen. Normal Hb concentration for men 14-17 and women 12-16 g/dl
74
Decrease in the ability of the blood to carry oxygen
Anemia 1) due to reduction of the number of RBCs 2) a reduced amount of Hb per RBC 3) combo of both
75
What is the MCV
Mean Corpuscular Volume determined by data from hematocrit and RBC count. predominance of abnormally small or large erythrocytes will affect the MCV.
76
What affects the size of RBCs to make them larger
folic acid or Vit B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
77
what affects RBCs to make them smaller
Iron deficiency (iron is a component of hemoglobin)
78
What could cause normal MCV but still exhibit anemia
If the mean concentration of hemoglobin per RBC was low could be caused by a simultaneous dietary deficiencies in iron and vit B12 or folic acid.
79
What doe MCHC stand for
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
80
Was does leukopenia tell us is happening in the body
Reduction in the activity of bone marrow
81
what do monocytes become when they leave the circulation and enter tissues
Macrophages
82
What are two characteristics that basophils and mast cells have in common that make us think mast cells come from basophils?
both originate in the bone marrow and they both have inflammatory response that includes histamine and chemokines
83
the clumping together of cells, such as RBC or bacteria, in the presence of a specific antibody
Agglutination
84
when a liquid or blood changes to a solid or semi-solid
coagulation
85

Bio 220 (2 decks)

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