Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
The position along the length of a chromosome where a gene is located
A
locus
2
Q
Different forms of genes are called _________.
A
alleles
3
Q
Humans diploid (2N) chromosome number is ___
A
46
4
Q
point where the arms of chromatids crossover one another
A
chiasma
5
Q
physical appearance of an organism in regards to traits
A
phenotype
6
Q
genes present in an organism
A
genotype
7
Q
stretch of nucleotides along the length of a chromosome that code for protein or sometimes an RNA molecule
A
gene
8
Q
Female flies are smaller or larger than males?
A
larger
9
Q
Male flies have _____ ______ on their forelimbs
A
Sex combs
10
Q
Two ends of a strand are polar or nonpolar?
A
Polar
11
Q
Standard names for each end of a DNA strand.
A
5’head and 3’tail
12
Q
Percentage in DNA: cytosine= adenine= guanine= thymine=
A
20% 30% 20% 30%
13
Q
3 major branches of life
A
Eukaryotes, archaea, and eubacteria
14
Q
Tree which depicts the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
A
Phylogeny
15
Q
Bacteria and archea have a ____________ cell type.
A
Prokaryotic
16
Q
Autotrophs use _________ carbon, and either _______ or chemicals as energy sources
A
inorganinc, light
17
Q
Heterotrohs use orgainc _______ to fuel metabolism.
A
carbon
18
Q
Two types of heterotrophs
A
Chemoheterotrohs and photoheterotrophs
19
Q
Bacteria that are:
obligate aerobes require _______
obligate anaerobes are poisoned by ________, and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP
faculative anaerobes ___________
A
oxygen, oxygen, can do both
20
Q
If both organisms benefit from the assocoation , the relationship is ____________.
If one benefits and the other is unaffected, the relationship is ____________.
If one benefits and the other is harmed, the relationship is ______________.
A
mutualistic, commensalistic, parasitic
21
Q
Theory that accounts for the origin of mitochondria and chloro[lasts in eukaryotic cells.
A
Cellular endosymbiosis
22
Q
3 basic bacterial shapes are:
_________(round)
_________( rod shaped)
__________(Spiral shaped)
A
coccus, bacilus, spirillium
23
Q
Prefixes in bacterial cell shapes.
_________ ( a chain of cells)
________( a cluster of cells)
________(a pair of cells)
A
Strepto-, staphylo-, diplo-
24
Q
Bacteria thats has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall outside an internal membrane react positively to Gram staining.
A
Gram positive
25
Bacteria that have a thin pepitdoglycan cell wall sandwiched between outer and inner membranes are relatively inaccesible to to Gram stains.
Gram negative
26
5 main groups of the domain bacteria (eubacteria or 'true' bacteria)
Proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, gram-positive bacteria
27
One of the domain bacteria groups that:
are Gram negative
most members are anaerobic
includes nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Proteobacteria
28
One of the domain bacteria groups that:
Gram negative
are parasites that must live in animals
many are disease causing
Chlamydias
29
One of the domain bacteria groups that:
are spiral shaped cells that move in a corkscrew motion
includes free living and parasitic species
Spirochetes
30
One of the domain bacteria groups that:
are oxygen-producing photosynthtic prokaryotes
a.k.a. blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria
31
One of the domain bacteria groups that:
contain members that are free-living soil-born species that are non-pathogenic
contain members that are disease-causing and anti-bacterial producers
Gram-Positive Bacteria
32
The domain that:
loves 'extreme' enviroments
can be found in the gut of animals, sediments of ponds, and some produce methane gas
most are heterotrophic but some are chemoautotrohs
Domain Archaea
33
4 kingdoms part of the domain Eukarya
Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
34
What domain?
Domain Eukarya
35
5 supergroups (lineages) of domain eukarya
Excavata, chromalveolata, archaeplastida, rhizaria, unikonta
36
In the domain Eukarya, of the main two lineages, the fused gene is present in all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while the two genes are separate in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
bikonts, unikonts
37
Eukaryotic supergroup that:
are single celled orgainsims
have excavated groove on side of the cell
conatains parasitic members and photosynthetic members
Supergroup Excavata
38
Phylum of supergroup excavata that:
single celled with reduced, nonfuntional mitochondria
does't need oxygen for energy
have multple nuclei and multiple flagella
have mutualistic, commensalistic, and parasitic associations
can cause STDs
Phylum Metamonada (diplomonads and parabasilids)
39
Phylum of supergroup excavata that:
are single celled with two flagella and functional mitochondria
have variety of nutritional modes
most are photosyntheitc aqautic oraganisms but some are kinetoplatids that can cause disease
Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenids, kinetoplastids)
40
Supergroup of domain eukarya that:
contain many important algae species that serve as primary producers in aqautic ecosystems
Supergroup Chromalveolata
41
Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:
are single celled heterotrphs or mixotrophs that are important to phytoplankton components
cell body is reinforced by cellulose plates
some are endosymbionts critical to marine animals, while others form massive growths called blooms
Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)
42
Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:
are single celled intracellular parasites of an animal cells
many cause serious diseases
many contain vestial chloraplast-like structure called apicoplast
Phylum Apicomplexa (Apicomplexans)
43
Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:
are single celled organisms with large complex cells having cilia on the outer surface
aquatic organisms forming symbiotic relationships pr parasites
Phylum Ciliophora
44
Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:
are large comple algae found along rocky coastlines
body differentiated into a holdfast, stipe and blade
Phylum Phacophyta (Brown algae)
45
Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:
are freshwater and marine algae with characteristic golden-colored pigments
are phototrophic and mixotrophic
Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden algae)
46
Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:
contribute as much as 50% of the ocean's primary activity of phytoplankton component
contain marine and fresh water species
often present in large numbers in water
Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
47
Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:
are sometimes called water molds but most species are terrestrial
similar to fungi
attain nutritionn by decompostion and absorption
Phylum Oomycota (Oomycetes)
48
Supergroup of domain Eukarya that:
contains single celled, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular photoautotrophs that are primary producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
Includes land plants
Supergroup Archaeplastida (Red algae, green algae, charophytic green algae, Land plants)
49
What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?
Phylum Rhodophyta (Red algae)
50
What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?
Phylum Rhodophya (Red algae)
51
What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?
Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
52
What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?
Phylum Charophyta
53
What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?
Land Plants
54
Type of vascular tissue in land plants that conduct water and dissolved minerals is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Type of vascular tissue in land pants that conduct a variety of substances, including carbohydrates is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
xylum
phloem
55
Two chacteristics of seed in land plants
Dispersibility and dormancy
56
Sexual reproduction in ___________ producing plants require external water.
non-pollen
57
2 basic kinds of flowering plants
Monocots and dicots
58
Phylum of land plants that:
has no vascular tissue
is dominant gametophyte in life cycle
lacks stomates and conducting cells
5,200 species
Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)
59
Phylum of land plants that:
has no vascular tissues
have stomates but lack conducting cells
dominant gametophye in life cycles
300 species
Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
60
Phylum of land plants that:
has no vascular tissue
have stomates and conducting cells
dominant gametophyte in life cycles
more complaex reproductive structures
10,000 species
Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)
61
Phylum of land plants that:
have xylem and phloem
dominate sporophyte in life cycle
reproduces by spores only
1,200 species
Phylum Lycopodiophyta (club mosses/relatives)
62
Phylum of land plants that:
have xylem and phloem
reproduction by spores only
dominate sporophyte in life cycle
largest of non-seed producing vascular plants
12,000 species
Phylum Monilophyta (Ferns/relatives)
63
Phylum of land plants that:
Spruce, fir, bald cypress, juniper
reproduction structure is cone-like
seed and pollen producing
630 species
Phylum Coniferophyta (Gymnosperms)
64
Phylum of land plants that:
are palm like in apperance but not true palms
reproductive structure is cone-like
seed and pollen producing
mostly pollinated by beetles
tropical and sub-tropical in distribution
300 species
Phylum Cycadophyta (Gymnosperms)
65
Phylum of land plants that:
single species is a 'living fossil'
very distictive leaves and reproductive structures
1 species
Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gymonosperms)
66
Phylum of land plants that:
are a very distinct group related to pines
75 species
Phylum Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)
67
Phylum of land plants that:
are the most advanced land plants
has flower as reproductive structure
pollinates by insects and other animals
300,000 species
Phylum Anthophyta (Flowering plants)
68
Supergroup of the domain Eukarya that:
defined mostly on molecular evidence
most have thread-like psedopodia that help with motion and feeding
Supergroup Rhizaria (Radiolarians, foraminiferans, cercozoans
69
Phylum of land plants
Phylum Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)
70
What phylum of land plant?
Phylum Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)
71
What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?
Phytum Rhodophyta (Red algae)
72
Plant group and phylum
73
plant cell
74
What type of plant?
Dicots
75
What type of Plant?
Monocots
76
Which phylum of supergroup rhizaria?
Phylum Cercozoa
77
78
What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?
Phylum Radiolaria
79
What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?
Phylum Radiolaria
80
What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?
Phylum Foraminifera
81
What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?
Phylum Foraminifera
82
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Ginkophyta (Gymnosperms)
83
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gymnosperms)
84
Plant group and phylum
85
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Coniferophyta (Gymnosperms)
86
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
87
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Cycadophyta (Gymnosperms)
88
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gymnosperms)
89
What division of land plants?
Division Psilophyta
90
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Monilophyta (Ferns/relatives)
91
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Lycopodiophyta (club mosses/relatives)
92
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Lycopodiophyta (Club mosses/relatives)
93
The brown 'dots' on the underside of ferns that produce the spores which germinate
Sori
94
What phylum of Archaeplastida?
Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)
95
What phylum of Archaeplasitda?
Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)
96
4 main groups of land plants
97
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)
98
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)
99
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
100
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
101
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)
102
What phylum of land plants?
Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)
103
Phylum Dinoflagellata
104
Supergroup Chromalveolata
Phylum Ciliophora
105
Supergroup Chromalveolata
Phylum Bacillariophyta
106
Supergroup Chromalveolata
Phylum Phacophyta (Brown algae)
107
Spirilium bacteria
108
Coccus bacteria
109
Supergroup of Eukarya that:
is amoeba-like and without flagella
Supergroup Unikonta
110
Phylum of animalia that:
lack true tissues
has asymmetric body plain
mostly marine bottom feeders
Porifera
111
Phylum of animalia that:
areradially symmetric
have central digestive cavity
stinging tentacles
both sessile and motile
Cnidaria
112
Phylum of animalia that:
are radially symmetric
comb jellies
use tentacles to capture prey
motile
Ctenophora
113
Phylum of animalia that:
have moss like apperance
bilaterally symmetric
sessile and colonial
encased by hard exoskeleton
corwn of tentacles lined with cilia
Ectoprocta
114
Phylum of animalia that:
are bilaterally symmetric
sessile and marine
lamp shells
encased by two shells
crown of tentacles lined with cilia
Brachiopoda
115
Phylum of animalia that:
include starfish, sea urchines, brittle stars, and sea urchins
Echinodermata
116
Phylum of animalia that:
has bilateral symmetry
bodies segmented
include lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates
hollow dorsal nerve cord
Chordata
117
Phylum of animalia that:
include flatworms
soft bodied
bilateral symmetry
without true body cavities, digestive, or respiratory organs
many are parasitic
Platyhelminthes
118
Phylum of animalia that:
reproduce asexually mostly
include tiny animals found in aquatic and terrestrial enviroments
include rotifers
Rotifera
119
Phylum of animalia that:
include snails, sugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squid
soft bodied but may have hard shell
Mollusca
120
Phylum of animalia that:
include segmented worms
Annelida
121
Phylum of animalia that:
include insects and arachnids
Arthropoda
122
Phylum of animalia that:
includes roundworms
not segmented
important parasites
Nematoda
123
2 phyla of supergroup Excavata
Metamonda and Euglenozoa
124
7 phyla of supergroup Chromalveolata
Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Phaeophyta (Brown algae), Chyrsophyta (Golden algae), Bacillariophyta (Diatoms), Oomycota
125
10 phyla of land plants
Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Anthocerophyta (Hornworts), Bryophyta (Mosses)
, Lycopodiaphyta (Clubmosses/relatives), Monilophyta (Ferns/relatives)
Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)
Anthophyta (Flowering plants)
126
3 phyla of supergroup Rhizaria
Radiolaria, Foraminifera, Cercozoa
127
2 phyla of supergroup Unikonta
Amoebozoa and Opisthokonts
128
5 phyla of Fungi
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Asomycota, Basidiomycota
129
13 phyla of animals
Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chordata, Platyhelinthes, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Nematoda
130
One of 4 main land plant groups that:
lack vascular tissue
have dominate gametophyte
include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
Mosses and relatives
131
One of 4 main land plant groups that:
have xylum and phloem
have dominant gametophyte with large complex plant body
includes clubmosses and ferns
Ferns and relatives
132
One of 4 main land plant groups that:
are vascular with dominate sporophyte
produce seeds and transfer sperm by pollination
reproductive structure is cone or conelike
includes ginkgos, cycads, pines
Gymnosperms
133
One of 4 main land plant groups that:
are vasular with dominant sporophyte
produce seeds and transfer sperm by pollination
reproductive structure is flower and is animal pollinated
includes anthophydas
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
134
4 phyla of supergroup Archaeplastida
Rhodophyta (Red algae), Chlorophyta (Green algae), Charophyta, Land plants
135
