Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge through research.
A
scientific method
2
Q
The scientific method can be divided into five steps:
A
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Predictions and Experiments
- Data Collection with Statistical Analysis
- Conclusion
3
Q
Scientists use their senses to gather information about a phenomenon or natural event. What step of the scientific method is this?
A
Observation
4
Q
natural event
A
phenomenon
5
Q
a tentative explanation for what was observed
A
hypothesis
6
Q
A hypothesis is developed through (blank)
A
inductive reasoning
7
Q
A hypothesis must be (blank)
A
testable
8
Q
a series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis.
A
experiment
9
Q
An experiment uses (blank) to make a (blank) or expected outcome
A
deductive reasoning; prediction
10
Q
The manner in which a scientist conducts an experiment is called the
A
experimental design.
11
Q
A good experimental design ensures that the scientist is examining the contribution of a specific factor called the (blank) to the observation.
A
experimental (independent) variable
12
Q
The (blank) is the factor being tested.
A
experimental (independent) variable
13
Q
A (blank) is exposed to the experimental variable.
A
test group
14
Q
A (blank) goes through all aspects of the experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable.
A
control group
15
Q
If the control and test groups show the same results, the hypothesis
A
is not supported
16
Q
The (blank) are the results of an experiment.
A
data
17
Q
Data should be (blank) and (blank)
A
observable and objective
18
Q
(blank) and (blank) are two possible formats for the data.
A
Tables and graphs
19
Q
Data are analyzed using
A
statistics
20
Q
a standard error in measures of variation is
A
how far off the average data is
21
Q
Statistical significance is the
A
probability value
22
Q
probability value must be less than
A
5%
23
Q
The lower the p value
A
the greater the confidence in the results
24
Q
p value is not due to (blank) alone
A
chance
25
The data are interpreted to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not. What step of the scientific method is this?
conclusion
26
If prediction happens, hypothesis is
supported
27
Findings are reported in (blank)
Peers (blank) the findings.
Other scientists then attempt to (blank or blank) the published findings.
scientific journals
review
duplicate or dismiss
28
Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker (blank)
Zacharias Janssen
29
The compound microscope uses (blank) and (blank) to enlarge the image
lenses and light
30
compound microscope is also called an (blank) or (blank) microscope
optical or light
31
the simplest optical microscope is the (blank)
magnifying glass
32
a magnifying glass is good to about what magnification?
10X
33
The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification. What are they?
Ocular, eyepiece and objective
34
The (blank) lens is the one that you look into
ocular, eyepiece
35
The (blank) lens is the one closest to the object
objective
36
the lens at the top that you look through, usually 10X or 15X power
eyepiece lens
37
connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
tube
38
supports the tube and connects it to the base. It is used to along with the base to carry the microscope
arm
39
the bottom of the microscope, used for support
base
40
a steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror
illuminator
41
The flat platform where you place your sides.
stage
42
holds the slides in place
stage clips
43
This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power
revolving nosepiece or turret
44
usually you will find 3 or 4 of these on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X powers
objective lenses
45
When coupled with a 10X eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of
40X, 100X, 400X, and 1000X
46
The shortest lens is the (blank) power and the longest lens is the (blank) power
lowest, greatest
47
The high power lenses are (blank) this means?
retractable. if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide
48
this is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things
rack stop
49
many microscopes have a (blank) under the stage
rotating disk
50
The (blank) has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting is used for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use
diaphragm or iris
51
this is used to focus the microscope. it is always used first, and it is used ONLY WITH THE LOW POWER OBJECTIVE
coarse adjustment
52
the coarse adjustment is used only with what?
the low power objective
53
Explain an important thing to remember as you turn the high power objective into place.
it is retractable, when you hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the slide and the lens.
54
What should you always remember when you use the coarse adjustment?
it is always used first and only use it with the low power objective
55
Under what conditions would you adjust the diaphragm?
Diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and sized of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. Depends on transparency of the specimen and the degree of contrast you desire
56
What should you always remember when handling microscope slides?
As slide it at the end AND never view it without the coverslip
57
What is the purpose of the stage clips?
hold the slide in place
58
In term of your eyes, what should you try to learn as you use the microscope?
Always keep your both eyes open (it takes some practice) but for those who wear glasses never let your glasses hit the eyepiece lens and never view a slide without a coverslip.
59
What are the two parts used to carry the microscope?
base and arm
60
What is the purpose of the cover slips?
to protect the objective lens from the liquids
61
What is the objective lens used to locate the specimen and first focus?
the course adjustment is the first to use and only with the low power objective.
62
What are the chemicals called that are sometimes used to make the specimen visible?
Stain (Methylene Blue)
63
What should you do if the high power objective lens touches or breaks the coverslip?
Tell your teacher/instructor/professor
64
provides rigid structure and protection; made of cellulose
cell wall
65
surrounds the internal cell parts; controls passage of materials in and out of the cell
cell membrane
66
everything inside of the cell membrane except for the nucleus
cytoplasm
67
control center of the cell; contains DNA
nucleus
68
composed of protein and RNA; involved in ribosome production
nucleolus
69
provides strength and shape to the cell; network of protein fibers
cytoskeleton
70
passageways that transport proteins within the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
71
produces energy
mitochondria
72
uses the energy of sunlight to produce glucose during photosynthesis
chloroplast
73
vesicle that provides storage of water and other materials; full these provide support
vacuole
74
vesicle that contains substances that break down materials
lysosome
75
packages and transports proteins from the ER to other parts of the cell
Golgi body
76
where proteins are made in the cell
ribosomes
77
What units measure length?
millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer
78
What units measure area?
square centimeter, square meter, hectare, square kilometer,
79
what units measure volume?
milliliter, liter, cubic centimeter, cubic meter
80
what units measure mass?
milligram, gram, kilogram, metric ton
81
What units measure energy?
centigrade, calorie
| kilojoule, megajoule, kilowatt hour
82
What unit measures time?
second
83
What measures speed, velocity?
meter per second, kilometer per hour
84
what measures density?
kilogram per cubic meter
85
What measures force?
newton
86
What measure pressure, stress?
kilopascal
87
What measures power?
watt, kilowatt
88
What measures electric current?
ampere
89
Name SI prefixes from largest to smallest
```
yotta
zetta
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deca, deka
BASE UNIT (1)
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
```
90
How to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
(1.8 x Celsius) + 32 = Fahrenheit
91
How to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius
0.56 x (Fahrenheit - 32) = Celsius
92
How to convert from Celsius to Kelvin
C + 273
93
How to convert from Kelvin to Celsius
K - 273
94
How to convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin
(F - 32) x 0.56 + 273.15
95
How to convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit
(K - 273.15) x 1.8 + 32
96
Scientists believe nature is (blank) and (blank), and that (blank) (e.g., gravity) do not change
with time.
orderly and measurable; natural laws
97
allows a person to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.
inductive reasoning
98
involves “if, then” logic
deductive reasoning
99
Results are based on examination of the (blank) obtained from use of the model.
responding variable (dependent variable)
100
Results usually include a (blank), which is a statistical analysis that is a measure of how much the data in the experiment varies.
standard deviation
101
means the experimental results were not due to chance or some factor other than the experimental (independent) variable.
statistical significance
102
Many studies rely on (blank) which, among other things, determines the probability of error
in the experiment.
statistical data
103
The experiments and observations must be (blank) or the research is suspect.
repeatable
