LAB EXAM #3 Flashcards
1
Q
In this course, we are defining members of a genus as those that share a __________________ and utilize a similar ______________
A
recent common ancestor
adaptive strategy
2
Q
What is distinct about the premolars when it comes to Hominini?
A
premolar 3 is like premolar 4
3
Q
What is the brain size for gracile australopithecines?
A
480cc
4
Q
Behaviours in an ethogram should be defined in such a way that they are ________________ and _____________
A
mutually exclusive
objective
5
Q
Paranthropus can also be referred to as the ________ australopithecines
A
robust
6
Q
What happens to the forest landscape during the Miocene?
A
tropical forests are replaced with open woodlands and savannas
7
Q
Would you expect a hominoid to have a tail?
A
no tail
8
Q
Frequent leapers have an extensive articulation of the distal _________ and ________ providing a stable and immobile joint
A
tibia
fibula
9
Q
Which taxon has been called a “wastebasket taxon” (because there’s so much variation that many hominin fossils from the latest Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene have been dumped there)?
A
Homo habilis
10
Q
Some of the more diagnostic features of our tribe Hominini pertain to their unique form of locomotion: _____________
A
bipedalism
11
Q
What date is associated with Proconsul africanus?
A
14-23 MYA
12
Q
What is the other family in the Fayum during the Oligocene besides the Propliopithecidae?
A
Parapithecidae
13
Q
Which locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index of 100-150?
A
brachiation (overhead suspension)
14
Q
Having arched feet increases the stiffness of our feet. Why is this important for bipedal locomotion?
A
stiff feet are more stable
15
Q
We know that Homo habilis was an obligate biped, however, it still had some ape-like traits. What are these?
A
- limb proportions still somewhat primitive (arms slightly longer relative to legs)
- slightly curved phalanges
16
Q
____________ traits are traits that are similar to one another due to shared ancestry
A
homologous
17
Q
When did Homo neanderthalensis show up in the fossil record?
A
130 KYA
18
Q
For a hominoid, what would you expect to see in terms of the placement of their scapulae?
A
dorsally placed scapulae
19
Q
Relative to the ancestral mammalian condition, is the general trend in Primates to increase or reduce the number of teeth overall?
A
reduce
20
Q
Which species is this?
A
Australopithecus anamensis
21
Q
If you’re looking at a primate that has enhanced mobility in both the forelimb and hindlimb joints, a high intermembral index (hindlimbs are not elongated), and a short tarsal bone, what can you infer about its mode of locomotion?
A
specialized slow quadrupedalism
22
Q
Where was Paranthropus aethiopicus found?
A
East and possibly South Africa
23
Q
How many cusps do our incisors have?
A
only 1
24
Q
A __________________ is a hypothesis that depicts the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
A
phylogenetic tree
25
In terms of bipedalism, what would you expect to notice about the position of the foramen magnum?
anteriorly positioned foramen magnum
26
What is the brain size of *Australopithecus africanus*?
420-500cc
27
The 2 adaptive radiations of hominins during the Pliocene were members of the genera *Australopithecus* and *Paranthropus*. Who was gracile and who was robust?
* Australopithecus* = gracile
* Paranthropus* = robust
28
By around 1.5 MYA, *Homo erectus* had developed a somewhat more complex array of tools, classified as the _____________ tool industry
Acheulean
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is also sometimes referred to as "archaic *Homo sapiens*"
Homo heidelbergensis
30
Which species was found in assoication with flaked stone tools that, until recently, were thought to be the earliest tools found with a hominin?
*Homo habilis*
31
What date range is associated with the Miocene?
23-5 MYA
32
A notable change observed with *Homo erectus* is the expansion of the cranial capacity from the 600cc of ___________ to as much as 900cc
*Homo habilis*
33
What are some evolutionary trends from early hominins to *Homo sapiens*?
- encephalization (cranial capacity increases relative to body size)
- reduced prognathism
- reduced incisors
- reduced canines
- reduced cheek teeth
- bipedalism
34
Describe the LCA between chimps and ourselves
- ape-sized body and brain
- long arms and fingers
- opposable hallux
- large, sharp, and sexually dimorphic canines
- quadrupedal when on the ground
35
What's special about the femoral condyles in frequent leapers?
deep femoral condyles that project anterior to the shaft
36
How many species fall under the category of being "robust early hominins"? What are they?
3
## Footnote
* Paranthropus aethiopicus*
* Paranthropus boisei*
* Paranthropus robustus*
37
How many soda cans of fluid could a modern human braincase hold?
3.5
38
A general arboreal trait is to have a __________ and ____________ hallux
large
opposable
39
When we talk about the *Australopithecus* genus from the Pliocene, the species we're generally talking about is *Australopithecus* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
*afarensis*
40
How did *Homo sapiens* differ from early members of the genus *Homo*?
- more gracile
- reduced supraorbital tori
- further reduced dentition
- well-developed chin
- complex behaviours
41
TRUE OR FALSE: Phylogeny is not concerned with time
FALSE
phylogeny is concerned with time (e.g., when did a specific trait evolve, when did two groups diverge from each other, etc.)
42
What type of locomotor pattern do the vast majority of primates exhibit?
arboreal quadrupedalism
43
What is the primitive mammalian condition when it comes to premolars?
uniform in shape and unicuspid
44
What date is associated with *Ardipithecus ramidus*?
4.4 MYA
45
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, would you expect an unfused mandibular symphysis?
no, you'd expect a fused mandibular symphysis
46
For bipedalism, would you observe anything special with the hallux?
non-opposable hallux
47
In the Oligocene (34-23 MYA), you'd expect to observe anthropoid traits. In the Miocene (23-5 MYA), you'd expect to observe ___________ traits
hominoid
48
Which tool industry is this from?
Oldowan
49
Gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans are said to have large brains (300-600ml), but members of the tribe ___________ are said to have very large brains (1000-1800ml)
Hominini
50
What is the brain size of *Australopithecus afarensis*?
375-500cc
51
What is ancillary data?
data that has been added to given data (extra things you could record, examples are posture of the subject, climatic factors, etc.)
52
Why is *Homo heidelbergensis* sometimes considered as "transitional" or "archaic" *Homo sapiens*?
because *H. heidelbergensis* appears to be morphologically intermediate between *H. erectus* and modern *H. sapiens* (also between *H. erectus* and *H. neandertalensis*)
53
What date is associated with *Homo heidelbergensis*?
600-200 KYA
54
Where was *Ardipithecus ramidus* found?
Ethiopia
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sampling is when the researcher records the behaviours they observe with little or no reference to specific, well-defined methods (this is a good method for initial observations and question formation for later research)
ad-libitum
56
In terms of the hominin phylogeny, who should be basal?
*Australopithecus*
57
Where was *Australopithecus afarensis* found?
Ethiopia and Tanzania
58
List the features associated with frequent leapers
- long femur
- proximally located trochanters
- short femoral neck
- deep femoral condyles that project anterior to the shaft
- tibia which are mediolaterally compressed (which counteracts anterior/posterior bending)
- an extensive articulation of the distal tibia and fibula providing a stable and immobile joint
- extensive elongation of the calcaneous
- long tarsal bone
59
Members of the Parapithecidae family resemble the new world monkeys (ceboids) with their dental formula of ___________ and the fact that their frontal and temporal bones \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2133
touch
60
What species is this?
*Ardipithecus ramidus*
61
Do hominins have thick or thin enamel?
thick enamel
62
Degree of _____________ is another term for brain-to-body-size ratio
encephalization
63
What term is missing?
Hominini
64
The "gracile early hominins" is a group composed of 3 species of *Australopithecus* and 1 species of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
*Ardipithecus*
65
What is the brain size for *Paranthropus*?
550cc
66
What does this image represent?
polyphyly
67
What does it mean to do continuous sampling?
record an individual's behaviour continuously throughout the specified time period (not just at slices of time)
68
What is a chimpanzee's cranial capacity?
320-480cc
69
What date is associated with the use of the Levallois technique?
385-40 KYA
70
How can we explain why *Homo sapiens* have smaller incisors, smaller cheek teeth, and reduced prognathism?
they were able to do a lot of pre-processing food with tools
71
How does a paraphyletic group differ from a monophyletic group?
a monophyletic group is a group of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor
a paraphyletic group is a group of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor but it does not include all the descendants
72
What date range is associated with the Oligocene?
34-23 MYA
73
What is the average brain size for *Homo sapiens*?
1350 cc
74
What term is missing?
Homininae
75
What is special about the femoral angle when it comes to bipedalism?
medially angled femur
76
Which species was the first to control fire, construct shelters, and show signs of a greater level of cooperation?
*Homo erectus*
77
Where do cercopithecoids live?
Africa and Asia
78
On a phylogenetic tree, what do branch points indicate?
when new species diverged from a common ancestor
79
Where was the earliest discovery of the *Homo erectus* species found?
Java
80
Where was *Proconsul africanus* found?
Eastern Africa including Kenya and Uganda
81
What are the pieces of evidence you should look for that suggest an insectivorous diet?
- smaller body size (below Kay's threshold of 500g)
- higher, more pointed cusps for puncture crushing
- large shearing crests
82
Who is the apparent descendant of *Homo habilis*?
*Homo erectus*
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ data would allow you to collect data on a particular behaviour that occurs at any time during sampling (this type of data collection involves writing down every time your study animal engages in a particular behaviour)
all observed occurance data
84
When it comes to dentition, the general trend is a reduction in the size of cheek teeth. However, there is a blip in the trend. Who actually has an increase in the robustness of their cheek teeth?
*Australopithecus* and *Paranthropus*
85
What does this *Homo habilis* foot show in terms of evidence for bipedalism?
the foot's arch and general shape are similar to our own (*Homo habilis*'s walking gait was identical to that of a modern human)
86
You find a primate that's large (over 500g), has large shearing crests on its cheek teeth, has thin enamel, and has small incisors. What can you infer about its diet?
folivorous
87
Frequent leapers have tibias which are ________________ compressed, which counteracts anterior/posterior bending
mediolaterally
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the science of classification
taxonomy
89
We know that Mousterian tools are associated with Neanderthals, but what evidence suggests that they may not be exclusive to Neanderthals?
Mousterian tools are found in Northeastern Africa but no Neanderthal fossils have been found there
90
What is the dental formula for a ceboid?
2133
91
TRUE OR FALSE: In *Homo erectus*, molar size is increased
FALSE
in *Homo erectus* molar size is reduced
92
What does it mean to do instantaneous sampling?
you record the behaviour only at pre-determined intervals
93
When we talk about the *Paranthropus* genus from the Pliocene hominins, the species we're generally talking about is *Paranthropus* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
boisei
94
What would you note about the canines when it comes to Hominini?
small, non-sexually dimorphic canines
95
Are hominoids more closely related to propliopithecoids or parapithecoids?
hominoids are more closely related to propliopithecoids (parapithecoids led to the platyrrhines)
96
What is the brain size for *Paranthropus boisei*?
500-550cc
97
What is a cusp?
an occlusal or incisal eminence on a tooth (the pointy bit that makes contact with other teeth)
98
What date is associated with the Mousterian industry?
160-35 KYA
99
If a skull has no postorbital bar or postorbital closure, what does that tell us?
it's not a primate
100
What term is missing?
Hominidae
101
When did anatomically modern *Homo sapiens* show up?
200 KYA
102
What is the superfamily for cercopithecoids (old world monkeys)?
Cercopithecoidea
103
Which species is credited with developing the Acheulean tool industry?
Homo erectus
104
What is the brain size for *Homo habilis*?
600-700cc
105
Where was *Paranthropus robustus* found?
South Africa
106
What species is this?
*Paranthropus aethiopicus*
107
What are some theories as to why *Homo neanderthalensis* went extinct?
- outcompeted by *Homo sapiens*
- wiped out by infectious diseases brought by *Homo sapiens*
- climate becoming colder and dryer
- inability to form large social groups like *Homo sapiens*
108
Describe a hominoid's rib cage
broad and shallow
109
What is the term we use to describe molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows?
bilophodont molars
110
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tools encompass choppers, anvils, hammerstones, and un-retouched sharp-edged flakes
Oldowan
111
What evidence would you expect to see that suggests a folivorous diet?
- larger body size (over 500g)
- cheek teeth have large shearing crests
- thin tooth enamel (which results in more shearing crests as the teeth wear down)
- small incisors compared to frugivores
112
Besides the skull, we also have the ___________ for *Australopithecus anamensis* that is indicated of bipedal locomotion
tibia
113
What species is this?
*Paranthropus boisei*
114
What types of tools are associated with the Mousterian industry?
scrapers, knives, points
115
Which tool industry is *Homo habilis* associated with?
Oldowan
116
Which species is this?
*Homo habilis*
117
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, what would you expect to see in terms of postorbital closure?
almost complete postorbital closure
118
TRUE OR FALSE: For an ethogram, it is essential that behavioural units are defined in such a way that an animal can only be doing one behaviour at a time
TRUE
119
Acheulean tools are generally large, ovoid, _________ flaked, and made according to specific \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
bifacially flaked
mental templates
120
What function did Oldowan tools serve?
cutting and crushing
121
Which genus represents a "dead end" on the hominin phylogeny?
*Paranthropus*
122
For australopithecines, if the terms "robust" and "gracile" don't have anything to do with body size, then what features are we referring to?
jaws
cheek teeth
assumed musculature related to chewing (masseter and temporalis)
123
You can say "parabolic tooth row", or you can say "parabolic dental \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_"
arcade
124
One of the __________ distinguishing features is the _____ dental pattern
hominoid
Y-5
125
In the lab procedure, when asked to do a focal sample, how many individuals are you supposed to watch at once?
only 1
126
When did *Homo heidelbergensis* show up?
by the Middle Pleistocene (400 KYA)
127
For Hominini, they have ___________ tooth rows
parabolic
128
Prosimians are a ____________ group that contains both Strepsirhines and Tarsiers
paraphyletic
129
Hominini is associated with having a ___________ (flat) face
orthognathic
130
What are the 6 derived traits you'd expect to see in an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid?
1. almost complete postorbital closure
2. more forward facing eyes (compared to Plesiadapifromes of the Paleocene)
3. a fused frontal bone
4. a fused mandibular symphysis
5. a larger brain (compared to Plesiadapiformes of the Paleocene)
6. a lacrimal bone within the eye orbits rather than on the snout
131
What term describes the great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?
Hominidae
132
List some of the 10 topics primatologists are interested in
- conservation
- evolution of social behaviour
- cognition
- evolutionary biology
- ethics
- primate diets
- ecology
- life history
- disease ecology
- biomedical research
133
Oldowan tools do not show the regularity or symmetry that later tools such as the _____________ show
Acheulean
134
What is a nickname for *Australopithecus afarensis*?
Lucy
135
Which species is this?
*Homo neanderthalensis*
136
What were the 2 adaptive radiations of hominins during the Pliocene?
- gracile members of the genus *Australopithecus*
- robust members of the genus *Paranthropus*
137
How do tools made using the Levallois technique (aka Mousterian tools) differ from Oldowan and Acheulean tools?
the Levallois technique allows the toolmaker to prepare a core in such a way that the flakes removed from it will have a specific shape and dimension and can become the tools themselves
138
What is the technique required to make these tools called?
Levallois technique
139
What date is associated with *Australopithecus afarensis*?
2.6-3.6 MYA
140
Who are we talking about when we say "pongid"?
chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
141
Which species is this?
*Homo erectus*
142
Which muscles do the short, broad, and ventrally-wrapped ilium attach to?
abductor hip muscles
143
What does it mean if a trait is "derived"?
the trait is new, it wasn't present in the LCA
144
Frequent leapers have ______________ located trochanters
proximally
145
What is the function of having a postorbital bar or postorbital closure?
protect the eye during mastication
146
During the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, we saw the rise of the earliest members of our tribe, Hominini
Pliocene
147
What is worth noting about *Homo neanderthalensis*?
- long, low skull (compared to the more globular skull of *Homo sapiens*)
- occipital bun
- prominent browridge
- more prognathism than *Homo sapiens*
* -* large nose (large nasal aperture)
148
What percentage of the DNA of Neanderthals may survive in contemporary humans?
20%
149
What happens to the climate during the Miocene?
the climate becomes cooler and drier
150
Finding similarities between non-human primates and ourselves can give us an idea of _________ a trait evolved in our lineage and what _________ that trait may have served in our ancestor
when a trait evolved
function of the trait
151
What would you observe as being the result of bipedalism when it comes to the foot?
inflexible foot with distinctive arch
152
What locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index of 50-80?
vertical clinging and leaping or bipedalism
153
A trait of bipedality is a _______ femoral neck
long
154
What species is this?
*Australopithecus africanus*
155
In terms of general arboreal features, what would you expect to notice about the digits (both the hands and feet)?
long and dextrous digits
156
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, what would you expect to see in terms of the direction of the eyes?
more forward facing eyes than Plesiadapiformes from the Paleocene
157
What are some of the morphological characteristics associated with bipedalism?
- anteriorly positioned foramen magnum
- S-curved spine
- ilium are short and broad
- inflexible foot with arch
- non-opposable hallux
- medially angled femur
- a larger medial than lateral condyle on the femur
- robust and platform like talus
158
When looking at members of the genera *Australopithecus* and *Paranthropus*, you'd observe a similar body size. However, you would notice that paranthropines had much larger _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
teeth
masticatory apparatuses
159
Who is older: *Homo habilis* or *Homo erectus*?
*Homo habilis*
160
What are the functional implications of having medially angled femurs?
- puts knees directly under spine
- widens hips for additional balance
161
Which species was the first fossil hominin found outside of Africa?
*Homo neanderthalensis*
162
Which species is believed to have possibly practiced deliberate burial?
*Homo neanderthalensis*
163
What term is missing?
Hominoidea
164
Another bipedal trait is having a ________ ischium
short
165
In species with large upper canines, the lower 3rd premolar assumes a peculiar shape known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
sectorial
166
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sampling can be described as "slice in time" sampling
focal time
167
What date is associated with *Australopithecus africanus*?
2.3-3.2 MYA
168
What date is associated with the Acheulean tool industry?
1.5 MYA - 200 KYA
169
What species is this?
*Proconsul africanus*
170
What is the brain size for *Homo neanderthalensis*?
1450cc
171
In the Miocene (23-5 MYA), you'd expect to see a suite of 6 hominoid traits. Name them
- dorsally placed scapulae
- a broad and shallow rib cage
- no tail
- long forearms with long phalanges
- reduced olecranon process
- Y-5 dental pattern
172
What is worth noting about *Paranthropus boisei*?
- sagittal crest (stronger attachment for the temporalis muscle)
- large cheek teeth (molars and premolars)
- flaring zygomatic arches (creating a larger opening for bigger jaw muscles to pass through)
- very wide and dish-shaped faced
173
In terms of general arboreality, would you expect the joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, ankle) to be more mobile or more rigid?
joints more mobile
174
What are some notable traits about Plesiadapiforms (as compared to Prosimians)?
Plesiadapiforms have:
longer snouts
no postorbital bar or closure
smaller braincase,
larger incisors
diastema (gap between incisors and remaining teeth)
hindlimbs and forelimbs are relatively equal in length
175
What can you say about the length of the femoral neck for frequent leapers?
frequent leapers have short femoral necks
176
What date is associated with the Oldowan tool industry?
2.5 MYA - 700 KYA
177
How do *Homo neanderthalensis* faces compare to *Homo sapiens*?
*Homo neanderthalensis* have faces that are more prognathic and they have a continuous brow ridge
178
Which species is this?
*Homo heidelbergensis*
179
Would you see an increase or a reduction in the olecranon process for hominoids?
reduced olecranon process
180
Describe a hominoid's forearms and phalanges
long forearms with curved phalanges
181
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been found in Africa, China, India, and Europe and seems to possess a mosaic of *Homo erectus* and *Homo sapiens* traits
*Homo heidelbergensis*
182
TRUE OR FALSE: *Homo neanderthalensis* always made Mousterian tools
FALSE
*Homo neanderthalensis* started making Acheulean tools but later transitioned to making Mousterian tools
183
Would we expect *Australopithecus* to have opposable halluces?
no
184
How many species are lumped into the category of being "gracile early hominins"? What are they?
4
## Footnote
* Ardipithecus ramidus*
* Australopithecus anamensis*
* Australopithecus afarensis*
* Australopithecus africanus*
185
What species is this?
*Paranthropus robustus*
186
TRUE OR FALSE: There were 3 adaptive radiations of hominins in the Pliocene
FALSE
there were 2 adaptive radiations of hominins in the Pliocene
187
A general arboreal traits among many primates is that they have a mobile _____________________ joint (a joint between the calcaneus and talus and the navicular and cuboid)
mobile transverse tarsal joint
188
Would you expect a long or a short tarsal bone for a frequent leaper?
long tarsal bone
189
Which species was able to move out of Africa and into Asia where it was able to survive in diverse and often harsh environments sometime before 1.8 MYA?
*Homo erectus*
190
Who is more widespread geographically: Homo habilis or Homo erectus?
*Homo erectus*
191
What is the difference between cercopithecoids and hominoids in terms of their molars?
cercopithecoids have bilophodont molars
hominoids have a Y-5 cusp pattern in their lower molars
192
Where do the ceboids live?
South and Central America
193
What is worth noting about *Paranthropus aethiopicus*?
- strongly prognathic face
- large teeth
- well-developed sagittal crest
194
What does it mean to be a lumper vs a splitter?
lumper: to focus on similarities between taxa
splitter: to focus on differences between taxa
195
What's special about the talus when it comes to bipedalism?
robust and platform-like
196
What is an ethogram?
a list (with descriptions) of the different kinds of behaviour exhibited by an animal
197
List the general primate adaptations to arboreality
- long and dextrous digits
- more mobile joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, ankle)
- mobile transverse tarsal joint
- large, opposable hallux
198
Which industry do these tools come from?
Acheulean
199
What is the term used to describe only chimpanzees and humans?
Hominini
200
Who has a larger brain: *Homo habilis* or australopithecines?
Homo habilis is larger (600-700cc)
201
Hominini uses bipedal locomotion. What do gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans use?
quadrupedal locomotion
202
Why is sampling needed when a group of animals are being observed?
it is unrealistic to provide a complete description of the behaviour of an entire group of animals
203
Why is the lateral lip of the femur important for bipedality?
it prevents the patella from dislocating
204
The dental wear patterns for *Paranthropus* suggest a diet like a modern-day \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: leaves and grasses
rhinocerus
205
There are 2 arches of the foot. What are they called?
longitudinal and transverse
206
Is a Y-5 molar associated with the cercopithecoids and the hominoids or the ceboids?
ceropithecoids and hominoids
207
What date range is associated with the Pliocene?
5.3-2.6 MYA
208
We cannot uniquely attribute Oldowan tools with *Homo habilis* as they have been found at sites with 2 other species: ______________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Paranthropus boisei*
* Homo erectus*
209
What date is associated with *Paranthropus boisei*?
1.2-2.2 MYA
210
What are some problems with focal sampling?
- continuous vs instantaneous sampling
- what if the other animals are doing more interesting things?
- animals often out of view
- need to recognize the individuals
211
When did the first primates originate?
55-50 MYA (during the Eocene)
212
For bipedalism you'd expect a larger medial than lateral condyle on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
femur
213
What date range is associated with the Eocene?
56-34 MYA
214
Which species has the nickname "handy-man"?
*Homo habilis*
215
The ______________ industry is the most widespread and longest-lived tool industry known
Acheulean
216
We now know that *Homo neanderthalensis* and *Homo sapiens* shared their last common ancestor, likely in Africa, between _______ and ______ KYA
550-765 KYA
217
What date is associated with *Homo habilis*?
2.3- 1.7 MYA
218
What is the formula to calculate the intermembral index?
((humerus + radius) / (femur + tibia)) x 100
219
What date is associated with *Paranthropus robustus*?
1.5-2.0 MYA
220
There are other important Hominini traits besides those just related to bipedalism. Name them
- parabolic tooth rows
- premolar 3 is like premolar 4
- small, non-sexually dimorphic canines
- orthognathic (flat) face
- very large brain
- presence of a chin
221
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ include hominoids (apes and humans), cercopithecoids (old world monkeys), and ceboids (new world monkeys)
anthropoids
222
Where was *Paranthropus boisei* found?
East Africa
223
What is the nickname given to the most complete *Homo erectus* skeleton we have?
Turkana boy
224
One thing that frequent leapers are known for is the extensive elongation of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
calcaneus
225
What term is missing?
Catarhini
226
Cercopithecoids have ____________ molars and hominoids have _________ molars
cercopithecoids = bilophodont
hominoids = Y-5
227
Where was *Australopithecus africanus* found?
East and South Africa
228
What family does the species *Aegyptopithecus zeuxis* come from?
Propliopithecidae
229
What weight is associated with Kay's threshold?
500g
230
Purported members of the genus *Homo* first appear in the Pliocene between ______ and _______ million years ago
3.0-2.5
231
Would a frequent lemur have a short or a long femur?
long femur
232
What is special about the most 4th premolar in primates?
it has 1 or 2 extra cusps (molarization), which is an adaptation that extends the cheek-tooth row for a herbivorous diet
233
A trait of bipedality is a ________ medial condyle of the femur
large
234
What is the superfamily associated with the ceboids (new world monkeys)?
ceboidea
235
When did *Homo erectus* appear and where?
1.9 MYA
Africa
236
When did the LCA for the genera *Pan* and *Homo* live?
6-7 MYA
237
Which locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index value of 80-100?
quadrupedalism
238
The Levallois technique is consider a ___________ technique
prepared core
239
What percentage of European and Asian ancestry was inherited from Neanderthals?
1.5-2.1%
240
You find a specimen of *Aegyptopithecus zeuxis*. Would you expect it to have Y-5 molars?
yes
241
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, would you expect the frontal bone to be fused?
yes
242
What are the common tool types associated with the Acheulean industry?
hand axes, picks, cleavers
243
Similarities between different species, or groups of species, are used as evidence that these groups are closely related. What kinds of similarities?
- similar anatomy
- similar physiology
- similar behaviours
- genetic evidence
244
When it comes to bipedalism, you'd expect to see ilium which are _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
short
broad
245
What term is used to describe all Old World monkeys?
Catarrhini
246
What date is associated with *Paranthropus aethiopicus*?
2.2-2.8 MYA
247
TRUE OR FALSE: In primates, having large canines is usually related to diet
FALSE
in primates, having large canines is usually related to male-male competition
248
What's the difference between Strepsirrhines and Haplorhines when it comes to postorbital bar vs postorbital closure?
Strepsirrhines have postorbital bars
Haplorrhines have postorbital closure
249
The regularity of form associated with the ____________ industry was absent in all earlier tool industries
Acheulean
250
What's notable about *Ardipithecus ramidus*'s mix of traits?
mix of primitive and derived features suggests bipedal locomotion and efficient tree climbing (head very hominin-like, body more ape-like)
251
Today, we have over 100 specimens of _____________ found in South Africa, East Africa, Northwest Africa, Spain, France, Italy, Britain, Georgia, China, and Indonesia
*Homo erectus*
252
Like *Ardipithecus ramidus*, *Australopithecus afarensis* (aka Lucy) has an interesting mix of both ____________ and ____________ adaptations
arboreal
terrestrial
253
What species is this?
*Australopithecus afarensis*
254
What is the brain size of *Paranthropus aethiopicus*?
410cc
255
Where was *Australopithecus anamensis* found?
Kenya
256
TRUE OR FALSE: Neanderthals only made tools from stones
FALSE
in addition to stone, Neanderthals used bone, ivory, and antler to make tools
257
List the features associated with specialized slow quadrupedalism
- enhanced mobility in both the forelimb and hindlimb joints
- hindlimbs which are not elongated compared to their forelimbs
- shallow bicipital groove and thick deltopectoral crest on their humerus
- femoral head that is rotated proximedially
- greater trochanter that is equal in height to the femoral head
- distal femur that is as wide or wider than it is deep
- short tarsal bone
258
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ traits are traits that have evolved for similar functions but don't come from a common ancestor (convergent evolution)
analogous
259
What is the brain size for *Homo erectus*?
900cc
260
What is the superfamily we belong to?
Hominoidea
261
Hominini has parabolic tooth rows whereas gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans have ____________ tooth rows
parallel
262
When did *Homo sapiens* first show up?
300 KYA
263
What is special to note about *Homo erectus* in terms of how they differed from earlier hominin species?
- expansion of the brain (to as much as 900cc)
- expansion out of Africa
264
You observe a small primate (less than 500g) that has high, pointed cusps and large shearing crests. What can you infer about its diet?
insectivorous
265
What would you observe about the spine as a result of bipedal locomotion?
spine with an S-curve
266
What date is associated with *Australopithecus anamensis*?
3.5-4.2 MYA
267
*Australopithecus* is adapted to bipedal locomotion, and we know this because they have a short, broad pelvis and they don't have opposable halluces anymore. What evidence do we have that *Australopithecus* is still spending some time in the trees?
long forearms with long, somewhat curved phalanges
268
A notable morphological trait of *Homo heidelbergensis* is the presence of a ____________ brow ridge
discontinuous
269
TRUE OR FALSE: When we talk about "robust" vs "gracile" australopithecines, we're talking about their body size
FALSE
robust australopithecines aren't actually larger than the gracile australopithecines in terms of body size
270
What features can be used to distinguish *Proconsul africanus*?
- absence of browridges
- prognathic face
- spatulate incisors
- ape-like features in the limbs
271
What was the brain size for *Homo heidelbergensis*?
1200cc
272
What is the dental formula for cercopithecoids?
2123
273
What is the date associated with *Homo erectus*?
1.9 MYA - 230 KYA
274
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, where would you expect to find the lacrimal bone?
within the eye orbits rather than on the snout
275
In humans, the 3rd and 4th premolars are identical in shape and have _____ cusps
2
276
It's important to note that there are no assumptions that any of our ancestors were like any of the extant non-human primates, however, there is an assumption that similar problems of _________ to a particular environment may lead to similar _______________ solutions
adaptation
anatomical and behavioural
277
TRUE OR FALSE: *Homo neanderthalensis* actually has a bigger brain than *Homo sapiens* has
TRUE
* Homo neanderthalensis* brain = 1600 cm3
* Homo sapiens* brain = 1260 cm3
278
In many cases, strepsirrhine primate teeth are characterized by the presence of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
dental comb
279
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
phylogeny
280
What term is used to describe apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?
Hominoidea
281
When is the Golden Age of Hominoids?
19-17 MYA (during the Early Miocene)
282
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the study of animal behaviour
ethology
283
The large testicles of chimpanzees are considered evidence of _____________________ by some researchers (although this is debated)
sperm competition
284
What term describes the African apes (gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?
Homininae
285
What are the pieces of evidence you can use to infer a frugivorous diet?
- large, spatulate incisors
- the cheek teeth have lower, more rounded cusps, fewer crests
286
What's a quicker way to remember the formula for the intermembral index?
arm lengths (humerus + radius (bone with the flat disk)) divided by leg length (both big bones of the leg (femur and tibia)
287
If you find an anthropoid skull with a dental formula of 2123 and a lack of contact between the frontal and temporal bones, what does this tell you?
it may be ancestral to the cercopithecoids and hominoids (not ceboids)
288
When and where did *Homo sapiens* first appear?
in Africa around 200 KYA
289
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, you'd expect to see a larger brain compared to the __________________ of the Paleocene
Plesiadapiformes
290
What is worth noting about *Australopithecus africanus*?
- combination of ape-like and human-like features
- rounder cranium, larger brain, smaller teeth (as compared to *Australopithecus afarensis*)
- strong prognathism
- long arms
- pelvis, femur, and foot bones indicate bipedalism
291
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: refers to the arrangement of the upper canine and lower 3rd premolar that allows the back edge of the upper canine to be sharpened or honed against the front edge of the lower premolar
C/P3 honing complex
292
Which tool industry is associated with the Levallois technique?
Mousterian
293
Besides bilophodont molars vs Y-5 molars, what are some other ways you can tell cercopithecoids from hominoids?
- cercopithecoids have tails, hominoids do not
- cercopithecoids have narrow chests, hominoids have broad chests
- cercopithecoids have medially located scapulae, hominoids have dorsally located scapulae
294
Which tool industry do these come from?
Mousterian
295
You find a primate that has large, spatulate incisors and cheek teeth which have lower, more rounded cusps. What can you infer about this primate's diet?
frugivorous
296
What is worth noting about *Australopithecus afarensis*?
- mix of ape-like and human-like characteristics
- strong prognathism
- small brain
- long arms with curved phalanges
- small canines
- bipedalism
