Lab (Exam 3-concepts)

Question 1

Normal Sodium (Na) , Important for: ___

Answer 1

135-145, For fluid balance

Question 2

Sodium, Hyper: Causes

Answer 2

volume depletion, dehydration, inability to replace insensible losses, renal and GI loss

Question 3

Sodium, Hyper: Symptoms

Answer 3

Thirst, restlessness, irritability, lethargy, muscle twitching, seizures, hyperflexia, coma and death

Question 4

Sodium, Hypo: Causes

Answer 4

volume overload, CHF, diarrhea, sweating, thiazides

Question 5

Sodium, Hypo: Symptoms

Answer 5

Agitation, anorexia, apathy, disorientation, lethargy, muscle cramps, nausea

Question 6

Normal Potassium (K)

Answer 6

3.5-5.0

Question 7

Potassium, Hyper, Causes

Answer 7

Renal failure, trauma “crush” injuries, K sparing diuretics.

May cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

Question 8

Potassium, Hypo, Causes

Answer 8

Severe vomiting or diarrhea, diuretics, K supplements

Potential Dig toxicity

Question 9

Normal Chloride (Cl), Important for: ___

Answer 9

95-105, for fluid balance

Question 10

Chloride, Hyper, Causes

Answer 10

Metabolic or respiratory acidosis

Question 11

Chloride, Hypo, Causes

Answer 11

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 12

Normal Bicarbonate (HCO3 or CO2),

Answer 12

25-30

Question 13

Bicarbonate, Hyper. Increase:___ and causes:

Answer 13

Increased: alkalosis.

Vomiting, gastric suctioning

Question 14

Bicarbonate, Hypo. Decrease:___ and causes:

Answer 14

Decreased: acidosis.

Chronic diarrhea, loop diuretics, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 15

Normal Glucose

Answer 15

70-110

Question 16

Glucose, Hyper, Causes

Answer 16

Diabetes

Question 17

Glucose, Hyper, S/SX

Answer 17

increase thirst, increased urination, increased hunger (3Ps).
May progress to coma

Question 18

Glucose, Hypo, Causes

Answer 18

Fasting, insulin administration

Question 19

Glucose, Hypo, S/SX

Answer 19

sweating, hunger, anxiety, trembling, blurred vision, weakness, headache or altered mental status

Question 20

Normal A1C

Answer 20

4.5%-6%

Question 21

Prediabetes, A1C

Answer 21

5.7%-6.4%

Question 22

Diabetes, A1C

Goal for diabetic pt is A1C…

Answer 22

6.5% and above.

less than 7%

Question 23

Normal BUN (Blood urea nitrogen),
Important for:\_\_\_

Answer 23

5-20. For kidney function and fluid balance

Question 24

BUN, Hyper, Cause

Answer 24

GI bleed

Question 25

IF: increase in BUN and Cr

Answer 25

Kidney dysfunction

Question 26

IF: increase in BUN, but a normal Cr

Answer 26

dehydration

Question 27

IF: increase in BUN

Answer 27

High protein load or digestion of blood (Don't get this one)

Question 28

IF decrease in BUN, but a normal Cr

Answer 28

overhydration

Question 29

Normal Serum Creatinine (SCr), | Important For:___

Answer 29

0.6-1.2, For: Kidney function and fluid balance

Question 30

Normal Total Protein:

Answer 30

5.5-9.0

Question 31

Normal Albumin

Answer 31

3.5-5.0

Question 32

Normal Prealbumin

Answer 32

20-40

Question 33

Low Total Protein, Caused by

Answer 33

liver dysfunction or malnutrition.

Question 34

Low Albumin, caused by

Answer 34

Inadequate protein intake for 14-21 days

Question 35

Low Prealbumin, caused by

Answer 35

Inadequate protein intake for 2 days

Question 36

Low Total Protein, S/SX

Answer 36

peripheral edema, ascites, periorbital edema and pulmonary edema. Can cause poor wound healing

Question 37

Normal Serum Calcium (Ca) *nonionized

Answer 37

9-10.5

Question 38

Normal Serum Calcium *Ionized

Answer 38

4.5-5.5

Question 39

Calcium, Hyper, causes

Answer 39

Vitamin D overdose, prolonged immobilization

Question 40

Calcium, hypo, causes

Answer 40

Laxative abuse, low serum proteins

Question 41

Normal Phosphate (PO4)

Answer 41

2.5-4.5

Question 42

Phos moves in what direction of ___ &____

Answer 42

opposite direction of Ca and Mg

Question 43

____&____ move together

Answer 43

Calcium and Magnesium

Question 44

Normal Magnesium (Mg)

Answer 44

1.5-2.5

Question 45

Magnesium, Hyper, caused by

Answer 45

Increased intake in the presence of renal dysfunction

Question 46

Magnesium, Hypo, caused by

Answer 46

Excessive losses from GI tract ( diarrhea or vomiting) or Kidneys (diuretics)

Question 47

Magnesium is primarily eliminated by ___ | can cause_____

Answer 47

kidney, cardiac irregularity

Question 48

Aminotransferases (ALT-SGPT, AST-SGOT), is for?

Answer 48

Liver function

Question 49

IF aminotransferases are HIGH:

Answer 49

Liver disease

Question 50

AST and ALT are measure indicators of

Answer 50

Liver disease. They are sensitive to hepatic inflammation and necrosis

Question 51

Normal WBC

Answer 51

5,000-10,000

Question 52

High WBC, increased with:

Answer 52

Leukocytosis > 10,000. | Increased with infection, blood cancers

Question 53

Low WBC, decreased with

Answer 53

Leukopenia <4,000 | Decreased with chemo, antibiotics, bone marrow dysfunction, autoimmune diseases

Question 54

Normal RBC

Answer 54

3.6-5.4

Question 55

High RBC

Answer 55

dehydration

Question 56

Low RBC

Answer 56

blood loss

Question 57

Normal Hemoglobin Male & Female | and its a direct measure of ___

Answer 57

Male: 14-18 Female:12-16 Direct measure of oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Question 58

High Hemoglobin

Answer 58

Compensatory for chronic low O2

Question 59

Low Hemoglobin

Answer 59

Bone marrow suppression, malnutrition, bleeding, age, renal failure

Question 60

Normal Hematocrit Male & Female | and should be __ x Hgb

Answer 60

Male: 37-47 Female: 32-42 should be 3x the Hgb

Question 61

High Hematocrit

Answer 61

can be falsely elevated with dehydration

Question 62

Low Hematocrit

Answer 62

Can be caused by hemorrhage, or excessive IV fluid administration can decrease Hct (dilutional)

Question 63

Normal Platelet | Promotes ____

Answer 63

150,000-400,000 | promotes coagulation

Question 64

Low Platelets

Answer 64

Thrombocytopenia. Can be seen in bone marrow dysfunction and liver disease, monitor patient for bleeding, sepsis