Lab Exam

Question 1

Glacial

Answer 1

Deposited by moving ice

Question 2

fluvial

Answer 2

deposited in by streams in rivers and floodplains

Question 3

deltaic

Answer 3

deposition in sediment accumulations at river mouths

Question 4

eolian

Answer 4

deposition by wind

Question 5

lacustrine

Answer 5

deposition from lakes

Question 6

littoral

Answer 6

deposition on beaches and coastlines

Question 7

mudstone

Answer 7

sedimentary

• mud particles (smaller than 1/16 mm)
• deposited from slow moving or standing water

Question 8

sandstone

Answer 8

sedimentary

• sand particles (1/16mm-2mm)
• deposited from water of moderate speed or wind

Question 9

conglomerate

Answer 9

sedimentary

• gravel particles (bigger than 2mm)
• deposited from very fast moving water

Question 10

Tillite

Answer 10

sedimentary

• till particles (very mixed sizes)
• deposited by moving or melting ice

Question 11

coal

Answer 11

sedimentary

• peat (plant remains)
• deposited in forests and shallow swamps

Question 12

limestone

Answer 12

Sedimentary

• carbonate sediments (shells and other particles of lime)
• deposited in shallow warm sea water

Question 13

tuff

Answer 13

sedimentary

• ash (small crystals and natural glass particles, often altered to pale clay)
• deposited from volcanic eruptions

Question 14

Quaternary

Answer 14

time PERIOD from 2.6Ma-present

Question 15

marine

Answer 15

deposition from sea-water

Question 16

Discharge

Answer 16

The volume of water that passes a point at a given second (velocity x depth of water x width of river, in m3/s)

Question 17

paleosols

Answer 17

dark bands created when floods bring sediments that cover and kill vegetation

Question 18

clinker

Answer 18

clay or mudstone that has experienced really high heat

ex. heat from a burning coal seam

Question 19

How many L in a m3 of water?

Answer 19

1000L

Question 20

Bed load saltation

Answer 20

small rocks are moved along the bottom of the river in bouncing motions

Question 21

Latitude

Answer 21

the horizontal line that increase outward from the equator

Question 22

longitude

Answer 22

vertical lines that increase outward from the prime meridian

Question 23

contour lines close together indicate:

Answer 23

a steeper slope

Question 24

contour lines farther apart indicate:

Answer 24

a more gradual slope

Question 25

slope=?

Answer 25

elevation difference/distance

Question 26

vertical exaggeration=

Answer 26

horizontal denominator/vertical denominator

Question 27

mineral

Answer 27

inorganic, naturally occurring crystalline combination of one or more elements

Question 28

euhedral

Answer 28

showing flat, regular crystal faces

Question 29

anhedral

Answer 29

showing no flat crystal faces

Question 30

cleavage

Answer 30

described by the number of planes and their relative angle (ex. 1-planar, 2 at 90, 3 at 90)

Question 31

Grain shapes

Answer 31

metamorphic and igneous rocks have euhedral or anhedral grains. sedimentary rocks are rounded or angular-grained.

Question 32

Felsic Igneous Rocks

Answer 32

pale-coloured, high in silica | minerals like quartz and K-feldspar

Question 33

Mafic Igneous Rocks

Answer 33

dark colour, rich in ferro-magnesian minerals, Na- and Ca-feldspar

Question 34

examples of Mafic igneous rocks

Answer 34

gabbro, basalt

Question 35

examples of Felsic igneous rocks

Answer 35

Granite, rhyolite, pumice

Question 36

clastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 36

conglomerate, sandstone, shale (mudstone)

Question 37

non-clastic

Answer 37

limestone, rock salt, coal

Question 38

examples of intrusive igneous rocks

Answer 38

granite, gabbro

Question 39

examples of extrusive igneous rocks

Answer 39

rhyolite, basalt

Question 40

metamorphic rocks with fabric

Answer 40

slate, schist, gneiss

Question 41

metamorphic rocks without fabric

Answer 41

marble, quartzite

Question 42

radiometric age formula

Answer 42

t(1/2)=ln2/(decay constant)

Question 43

epicentre

Answer 43

the point on earths surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

Question 44

Thermal (contact) metamorphic rocks

Answer 44

mainly temperature bases | occur close to igneous intrusions

Question 45

dynamic metamorphic rocks

Answer 45

- result from intense deformation | - characterized by strong fabric and fine grain size

Question 46

regional metamorphic rocks

Answer 46

- occur in cores of mountains | - high pressures and high temperatures

Question 47

low-grade metamorphism

Answer 47

low temperature | fine grained

Question 48

high-grade metamorphism

Answer 48

high temperature (and usually high pressure) coarser grained thicker banding

Question 49

what type of river is the north Saskatchewan river?

Answer 49

meandering channel

Question 50

distributory drainage

Answer 50

one channel breaks off into other smaller channels

Question 51

radial drainage

Answer 51

channels move out and downward, with the centre usually being a mountain

Question 52

dendritic drainage

Answer 52

many small streams collect into one big river

Question 53

braided channel

Answer 53

rivers that separate and intertwine several times

Question 54

Accumulation

Answer 54

the sum of all terms that add snow to the glacier

Question 55

ablation

Answer 55

the sum of terms that remove mass and snow from the glacier

Question 56

advance

Answer 56

sustained positive mass balance

Question 57

retreat

Answer 57

sustained negative mass balance

Question 58

equilibrium line

Answer 58

the altitude that separates the accumulation zone from the ablation zone

Question 59

sun angle

Answer 59

90 degrees at the equator, decreases as latitude increases, meaning sunlight is spread over a larger area in higher latitudes

Question 60

energy flux at equator

Answer 60

420W/m2

Question 61

movement of winds?

Answer 61

west to east from high pressure zones to low pressure zones

Question 62

high pressure

Answer 62

clear skies

Question 63

low pressure

Answer 63

cloudy skies

Question 64

what are the two primary layers in BIFs?

Answer 64

magnetite (magnetic, black) | chert (non-magnetite, red)

Question 65

porphyries

Answer 65

igneous rocks that are related to volcanism, so they are generally found along plate boundaries

Question 66

lignite

Answer 66

low grade, formed nearer to the surface, lower value

Question 67

bituminous coal

Answer 67

medium grade, formed at a moderate depth

Question 68

anthracite

Answer 68

high grade, formed at high depths, high value

Question 69

1 metric ton?

Answer 69

1000kg

Question 70

viscosity

Answer 70

resistance to flow