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BIO 1140 Labs > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Revolving Nose piece

A

Supports the various objective lenses and allows for simple changes of magnification

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2
Q

Stage

A

Supports specimen

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3
Q

Coarse Focus Knob, Fine focus knob

A

Allows rapid change and slow change of distance

Rough, final focusing

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4
Q

Ocular/Eyepiece

A

Usually 10x

Look through it to view the specimen

Parfocal

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5
Q

Condenser

A

Lenses that concentrate the light from the illuminator, no mag

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6
Q

Aperture iris diaphragm

A

Reduces glare from unwanted light by adjusting the angle of the cone of light

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7
Q

Resolving Power

A

Ability to see two distinct objects that are close together

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8
Q

Compound microscope:

Working distance decreases when magnification..

A

Increases.

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9
Q

Depth of Focus

A

Number of planes in focus

Increasing magnification decreases depth of focus

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10
Q

To calculate size of an object

screen size

or

scale bar

A

Real size= real FOV/on-screen FOV x on screen size of object

Real size= on screen length of object/on screen length of scale bar x real size of scale bar

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11
Q

Stereoscopic microscope

A

2 oculars (3D image)

Not inverted

Reflected (opaque) or transmitted light

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12
Q

Protoplast

A

Plant, bacterial, fungal cell with cell wall partially/completely removed

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13
Q

Plasmolysis

A

is the process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis.
 plant cell loses water and hence turgor pressure, making the plant cell flaccid (central vacuole shrinks too)

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14
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthetic

Spherical

Move due to cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis

Deliver nutrients, metabolites and genetic info

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15
Q

Micrometer vs Nanometer

A

-6 and -9

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16
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blook cells, contain a large amount of pigment hemoglobin

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17
Q

Hemolysis

A

When volume of cell exceeds a critical volume, cell ruptures and pigment is released. Caused by diffusion of water by osmosis

Can also occur in an isotonic solution of penetrating soltution

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18
Q

Tonicity

A

Relative concentrations of solutes in the fluid inside and outside the cell

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19
Q

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Isotonic

A

Hypo: increases volume (more concentrated within the cell(

Hyper: decreases volume

Isotonic: Equal osmotic pressures

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20
Q

Aquaporins

A

Membrane proteins that form canals in the membrane

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21
Q

Electrolyte:

A

dissociates into ions in solution

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22
Q

Glycerol

Thiourea

Urea

Dextrose

Sucrose

Triton 100-X

Ethanol

Water

A

G: polar, can penetrate easily

T: Sulfur (electronegative) low solubility, not easily

U: O atom can H bond with water

D: Smaller, fewer OH, readily diffuse

S: Larger, high OH, H bonding, slower diffusion rate

T: great size but increases permeability of the membrane

T: 1-OH large nonpolar easily dissolve in the membrane

Water: small molecules can easily diffuse

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23
Q

Factors affecting the rate of penetration of substance across cell membrane

A

Molecular size

Lipid solubility

Polarity

Ability to form H bonds with water

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24
Q

Hyaline Cap

A

Front hard portion of the ameoba

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25
Plasmagel Plasmasol
Gel: solid Sol: liquid
26
Uroid End
Posterior end
27
Pinocytosis
Ingestion of liquid into the cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
28
Endocytosis
The taking in of matter by a living cell nivagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
29
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of bacteria
30
Mitosis
M phase (mitosis and cytokinesi) and Interphase (g1, S, g2)
31
Interphase
Separate 2 cell divisions, period of growth and preparation G1: growth, active synthesis of macromolecules S: (sythesis) replication of DNA, synthesis of DNA associated proteins or microtubule associated proteins At end, chromosomes consist of 2 chromatids G2: protein sytnth and production of structures needed for mitosis (spindle fibres)
32
Kinetochore
Button like structure linking hte chromosome to mitotic spindle
33
Interphase
Growth, macromolecules, organelle assembly, DNA replication Most cells in this stage at a given time
34
Prophase
Chromosomes shorten, thicken 2 chromatids at centromere Microtubules disassemble Nucleoli disappear Centrosome duplicate
35
Prometaphase
Breakdown of nuclear membrane Centrosomes are at opposite poles On centromere of each chromatid, a kinetochore forms Chromosomes migrate towards metaphase equatorial plate
36
Metaphase
Spindle tubules formed Centromeres start to separate
37
Anaphase
Centromeres seaprate and each daughter chromatid moves to opposite poles Cytokinesis begins
38
Telophase
Chromosomes decondense Nuclear membrane reappears Nuclei reform Sprindle disappears Cytokinesis occurs
39
Feulgen Stain
Colors DNA containing structures magenta red First hydrolyzed with HCL to remove purine bases and form free aldehyde group on deoxyribose, to react with the stain
40
Apical meristems Region of elongation and root cap Quinticentent centre
Growth centre found in root tips and stem tips Just above cell division Dead cells which protect from AM and pushes through soil zone at the base of apical meristream, realive inactive region where cells remain in G1
41
Xylem cells Phloem Cells
Transport water and salts from soil to rest of plants Transport carbs from photosynthetic portion of plant to roots
42
Meiosis
Chromosome # remains stable Genetic diversity In plants: alteration Diploid: sporophyte undergoes meiosis to for haploid spores (gemetophytes) which fuse to form zygote Animals: alteration of ploidy levels Diploid prodcues haploid (gametogenesis) Male and female gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
43
Premeiotic Interphase
Similar to mitosis: but 20x longer Sex chromosomes at beginning Larger nucleus
44
Prophase I
Longest stage Leptotene – initial condensation of chromosomes  appear as single threads. Telomeres \*tips of chromosomes\* are attached to nuclear membrane 2) Zygotene – maternally and paternally derived copies of each homologous pair of chromosomes line up along their lengths (process = synapsis) Chromatids of homologous chromosomes interwine and form a synaptonemal complex 3) Pachytene – adjacent chromatids break and join in a process called crossing over Fully pairred homologues are called tetrads (4 chromatids)/ bivalents 4) Diplotene – chiasmata (region of crossing over) becomes visible Synaptonemal complex disappears, and chrimosomes detach from nuclear membrane 5) Dikinesis - Condensation of chromosomes finishes, final modifications occur, chromosomes are ready for division; nucleoli disappear
45
Metaphase I
Nuclear membrane breaks down Paired homologues line up at the plate Ordering of maternal and paternal homologues occurs at random
46
* Anaphase I
Centromeres do not split- homologues are pulled away from each other
47
Telophase I
Chromosomes decondense Nuclear membrane reforms Cytokinesis
48
Interkinesis
Like interphase in between M 1 and 2 No DNA replication or centriole duplication
49
Prophase II
Chromosomes recondense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms
50
Mataphase II
2 chromatid chromosomes line up
51
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles, cytokinesis begins
52
Telophase II
- chromosomes decondense, nucleoli reform, nuclear membrane forms around each product, cytokinesis finishes Results in 4 haploid and genetically different cells
53
Microspores Megaspores Process of creation
Male spores (anthers, pollen sac) Spermatogenesis Female spores (oogenisis) Sporogeneous cells become surrounded by layers of sterile cells  innermost layers develop into cells that provide nutrition to the developic microscospore (tapetum) + outermost layer forms wall of microsporangium sporogenous cells develop into microsporocytes, which divide by meiosis into microspores Microspores divide mitotically to form a tube cell and a microgametophyte. These cells and the spore wall form the pollen grain.
54
Ascaris fertilization shell: 3 layers
Outer membrane: the fertilization membrane with outer protein layer The chitinous layer The ascaroside layer and the perivitelline space
55
Spermatogonia
Largely stained outer cells, well defined nuclei Divides by mitosis to produce more Half of this population underoges meiosis to become sperm, the other half to replenish
56
Primary Spermatocyte
2n located just below spermatogonia, not as darkly stained Large cells undergoing first meiotic division
57
Secondary spermatocyte
n Product of first meiotic division, undergo second division to produce spermatids
58
Spermatids
n small circular cells that differentiate into functional spermatozoa
59
Spermatozoa
n possess very long thin flagellum, located near the lumen
60
Nurse cells (Sertoli cells)
large nurse cells found in the walls of the seminiferous tubules which feed and regulate the differentiation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa
61
Primary follicles or Primordial, Unilaminar
Small, round structure at the periphery of the ovary Each contains one oogonium (2n) surrounded by a layer of follicular cells Cytokineiss of primary oocyte at the end of Meiosis I produces a large secondary oocyte and a polar body
62
Growing follicles
Larger follicles with a few layers of follicular cells
63
Graafian follicles
Very large follicles, most space is occupied by a large fluid filled cavity Mature oocyte would be found at the centre of the follicle Secondary/mature oocyte When mature follicle ruptures at ovulation, the mature oocyte is released Comes near to the epithelium prior to ovulation
64
Growing follicle (primary multilaminar)
Slightly deeper in the ovary, surrounded by several layers of follicular cells. Contains a primary oocyte
65
Oocyte
The cell that undergoes meiosis in the ovary. Primary and secondary (mature with shell)
66
Perivitelline Space
Space between the membrane and the inside of the oocyte, this is where the polaar body resides after meiosis
67
Polar Body
During cytokinesis, the cells sometimes divide unevenly. Most of the cytoplasm is in one daughter cell, the egg/ovum The other smaller cells are called polar bodies. They frequently die but can be part of the lift cycle as well.
68
Ascaris
In telophase I the first polar body extrudes with 2 double chromosomes. In t2 the second polar body is expelled, 2 chromatids.. leaving 2 chromosomes
69
Tapetum
Layer of nutritive cells within the sporangium (anther)
70
Parenchymatous tissue
Soft cellular tissue in plants Soft parts of leaves, pulp, bark, etc.
71
Chiasmata
In late prophase, might be visible. Point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occurs between strands
72
Seminiferous tubules and it's lumen
Where sperm production occurs and the centre of the cell
73
Is the working distance greater or smaller if you were to switch from 40x to 10x?
74
T/F: the depth of field increase with the magnification factor?
False
75
(5 / 10) x 1 mm = 
A - 2000µm 
B - 5000µm 
C - 500µm 
D - 200µm
C
76
Is reflected or transmitted light preferable for observations of an opaque sample with the dissecting microscope?
Reflected
77
What type of solution causes plasmolyis?
Hypertonic, HIgh concentration of NaCl
78
How would CAT look under the stereomicroscope?
CAT
79
Which of these is granular? Ectoplasm, or endoplasm
Endoplasm
80
What's 2mm +500 um + 0.1 cm in micrometers?
3500 um
81
What is happening during systole?
Contractile vacuole in amoeba releases the contents
82
What is happening during the S phase?
DNA synthesis
83
150 um + 1mm +0.3 cm (in um)
4150 um
84
In what region of the cell do chromosomes align themselves during metaphase?
Equatorial plate
85
What chemical group does the Feulgen stain react with?
Aldehydes
86
Mitotic spindle fibres are made of actin polymers?
NO. Tubulin microtubules

BIO 1140 Labs (1 decks)

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