LAB EXAM I Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What does the longitudinal fissure separate?
A
cerebrum into L & R hemispheres
2
Q
What does the transverse fissure separate?
A
cerebellum from cerebrum
3
Q
What is the insula?
A
5th part of cerebrum (aside from 4 lobes); within lateral cerebral sulcus
4
Q
What is the arbor vitae?
A
tracts of white matter in the cerebellum
5
Q
What is the infundibulum?
A
connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
6
Q
What is the interthalamic adhesion?
A
joins L & R halves of thalamus
7
Q
What are the 4 major regions of the hypothalamus?
A
mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, preoptic
8
Q
What does the septum pellucidum separate?
A
the two lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres
9
Q
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
A
between L & R halves of the thalamus, sup. to hypothalamus
10
Q
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
A
between brainstem & cerebellum
11
Q
How does venous blood circulate and leave the brain?
A
through venous sinuses b/t 2 layers of dura mater; leave the brain through internal jugular veins
12
Q
Which muscles are innervated from the oculomotor nerve?
A
supe/med/inf rectus
inf oblique
ciliary muscle
13
Q
Which muscles are innervated by the trochlear nerve?
A
sup oblique
14
Q
Which muscles are innervated by the abducens nerve?
A
lateral rectus
15
Q
What do corpuscles of touch detect?
A
touch, low frequency vibration
16
Q
What do hair root plexus detect?
A
movements that disturb hair
17
Q
Which tactile receptors are free nerve endings?
A
hair root plexus, type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors
18
Q
What do type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors detect?
A
pressure, continuous touch
19
Q
What do type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors detect?
A
stretching, steady pressure
20
Q
What do lamellated corpuscles detect?
A
high frequency vibrations
21
Q
Where do the axons of the olfactory nerve pass through?
A
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
22
Q
What are Bowman’s glands?
A
(olfactory gland) produce mucus that is carried to surface of epithelium by duct
23
Q
What is the function of mucus produced by Bowman’s gland?
A
dissolves odorants so transduction can occur
24
Q
Where is the site of olfactory transduction?
A
olfactory hair/cilia
25
What is adaptation?
receptor's decreasing sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time
26
Where are sensory receptors for gustation located?
taste buds on tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis
27
Which three CN transmit sensory info from taste buds to the brain?
facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)
28
Which three CN control eye movement?
oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI)
29
What is the iris suspended between?
cornea & lens
30
What part of the eye do external eye muscles attach to?
sclera
31
What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
alters shape of lens to adapt for near/far vision
32
What is the function of the ciliary process?
contain blood capillaries that secrete aqueous humor
33
Where does the anterior chamber lie?
b/t cornear & iris
34
Where does the posterior chamber lie?
behind iris & in front of lens
35
What are the components of the anterior cavity?
aqueous humor
anterior chamber
posterior chamber
36
What is the function of the cornea?
focus light on retina; admits/refracts light
37
What is the function of the lens?
refracts light
38
What are zonular fibres?
extensions of ciliary processes
39
What is the function of the retina?
receives and converts light into receptorpotentials & nerve impulses
40
What is the choroid and what is its function?
highly vascularized lining of internal surface of sclera; absorbs scattered light
41
What does the fovea centralis contain?
only cones
42
What is the optic disc/blind spot?
where optic nerve exits the eyeball; contains no rods/cones
43
Where does the vitreous chamber lie?
between the lens and retina; posterior of eyeball
44
What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?
ciliary muscle, muscle of iris
45
What is the function of the ciliary muscles?
alter curvature of lens
46
What is the function of muscles of the iris?
control pupil size (i.e. amount of light entering eye)
47
Describe the muscle position of the eye when focusing on a close object
ciliary muscles are contracted; lens is curved
48
Describe the muscle position of the eye when focusing on a distant object
ciliary muscles are relaxed; lens is flat
49
What is convergence?
medial rotation of the eyeballs as an object moves closer to us to allow light rays to strike same points on both retinas
50
Where is the tympanic membrane (eardrum) located?
between external auditory meatus and the middle ear
51
Where does the base of the stapes fit into?
oval window
52
What does the eustachian (auditory) tube connect?
middle ear with the nasopharynx
53
What does the vestibular branch of CN VIII contain?
ampullary, utricular, saccular nerves that synapse with receptors for equilibrium
54
What is the function of the cochlea?
transmits vibrations to spiral organ where hair cells produce receptor potentials
55
What does the spiral organ contain?
hair cells that act as hearing receptors
56
What does the vestibule contain?
utricle and saccule
57
What does the utricle detect?
linear acceleration/deceleration in a horizontal direction
58
What does the saccule detect?
linear acceleration/deceleration in a vertical direction
59
What is the macula and where is it located?
in utricle and saccule; contains receptors
60
What are otoliths?
layer of CaCO3 crystals that extend over entire surface of otolithic membrane
61
What are 3 somatic sensations detected by encapsulated nerve endings?
tactile (pressure/vibration)
type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
proprioceptors
62
Which receptors detect static equilibrium?
hair cells of maculae in saccule & utricle (in vestibule)
63
Which receptors detect dynamic equilibrium?
hair cells in crista (in ampulla of semicircular ducts)
64
What are 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus and where are they stored?
OT & ADH; posterior pituitary
65
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?
growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone
66
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
OT, ADH
67
How does FSH function in biological females?
initiate oocyte develeopment; induces ovarion secretion of estrogen
68
How does FSH function in biological males?
stimulate testes to produce sperm
69
How does LH function in biological females?
stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone; ovulation; formation of corpus luteum
70
How does LH function in biological males?
stimulate testes to produce testosterone
71
How does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) function in the adrenal gland?
stimulate secretion of glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol, by adrenal cortex
72
What is the function of OT?
- stimulate contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth
- stimulate contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection
73
What is the function of ADH?
- conserves H2O in body by decreasing urine volume
- decrease H2O loss via perspiration
- increase BP by constricting arteries
74
Where are hormones stored in the thyroid gland? What do they secrete?
follicles (large oval sacs); thyroglubilin (TGB)
75
What are parafollicular cells (C cells) and where are they found?
hormone-producing cuboidal cells; in between follicles
76
What do C cells produce?
calcitonin
77
How does the structure of the thyroid gland compare to the parathyroid gland?
thyroid - large follicles
parathyroid - dense mass of cuboidal cells with many capillaries and have Chief cells and oxyphil cells
78
What do Chief cells produce?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
79
What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?
follicle cells: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
parafollicular cells: calcitonin
80
What is the function of T3 and T4 hormones?
stimulate prot synthesis, increase use of glucose and FA for ATP prod
81
What is the function of calcitonin?
decrease Ca2+ and HPO4 levels in blood by inhibiting bone resorption (increasing ion uptake)
82
What hormones does the parathyroid gland release?
parathyroid hormone
83
What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
increase Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels in blood
increase bone resorption by osteoclasts
promotes formation of calcitriol
84
What are the 3 zones of cells in the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?
1. outermost - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
2. intermediate - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
3. inner - androgens (DHEA)
85
What is the function of aldosterone?
increase blood levels of Na+, H2O
| decrease blood levels of K+
86
What is the function of cortisol?
depress immune responses
| provide resistance to stress
87
What is the function of DHEA?
assist in early growth of axillary/pubic hair in M/F
contribute to libido
source of estrogen after menopause
88
What are the functions of E/NE from the adrenal medulla?
enhance effects of sympathetic division of ANS during stress
89
What do the pancreatic islets of the pancreas produce?
insulin and glucagon
90
What is the function of glucagon (from alpha cells) ?
increase blood glucose levels by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis)
91
What is the function of insulin (from beta cells) ?
decrease blood glucose levels by accelerating transport of glucose into cells via glycogenesis (glucose --> glycogen)
92
What structures are in the ovary and what hormones do they produce?
corpus luteum & granulosa cells; progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, relaxin
93
What structures are in the testes and what hormones do they produce?
sertoli cells (inhibin) and interstitial cells (testosterone)
94
What is the function of estrogen?
regulate repro cycle, maintain pregnancy, promote development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
95
What is the function of progesterone?
prepare uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum
help prepare mammary glands for milk secretion
96
What is the function of relaxin?
increase flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy
help dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery
97
What is the function of inhibin in males and females?
inhibit secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary
98
What is the function of testosterone?
regulate sperm production
promote secondary sex characteristics
99
What are the 4 thymic hormones?
thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF) thymopoietin
100
What are the function of the hormones produced by the thymus?
promote maturation of T cells (WBC that destroy microbes and foreign substances)
101
What can hyposecretion of GH lead to?
pituitary dwarfism
102
What can hypersecretion of hGH lead to?
giantism (childhood)
| acromegaly (adulthood)
103
What can hyposecretion of ADH lead to?
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
104
What can hyposecretion of thyroid hormone lead to?
congenital hypothyroidism (childhood)
myxedema (adulthood)
105
What can hyperthyroidism lead to?
Graves disease (immune system attacks thyroid)
106
What can lack of iodine lead to?
goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
107
What is type I diabetes?
inability to produce insulin b/c immune system destroys beta cells
108
What is type II diabetes?
target cells in pancreas have fewer insulin receptors
109
What is hyperinsulism?
too much insulin injected by diabetic?
110
Which 2 hormones are also NT?
norepinephrine, nitric oxide
111
What happens when blood glucose level goes up?
hyperglycemia inhibits release of glucagon
insulin helps lower blood glucose
112
What happens when blood glucose level goes down?
stimulate release of glucagon
inhibits release of insulin
113
What is the difference between paracrine and autocrine?
P - local hormones that act on neighbouring cells
A - local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them
114
What is the difference between holocrine and apocrine?
H - accumulated secretory product ruptures
A - secretory product accumulates at apical surface, pinches off via exocytosis to release
