lab exam midterm definitions Flashcards by Trinity Kettyls

what is iron deficiency anemia? symptoms?

if body’s supply of iron is low, Hb production slows down, RBC’s cannot make sufficient Hb and mature RBC’s unusually small. Symptoms: weakness and fatigue

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What is Thalassemia

genetic inability to produce adequate amounts of alpha or beta chains of Hb. No functional copies of alpha chain die shortly after birth.. others have small RBC’s with less Hb and moderate-severe anemia

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Acute hemorrhagic anemia

caused by significant wound (normal RBC)

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hemolytic anemia

RBCs breakdown prematurely in bloodstream, may be due to infection, Hb abnormality or transfusion mismatch

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sickle cell anemia

inherited disease. two abnormal copies of the gene make beta chains that link under low o2 conditions, causing RBCs to become stiff, sickle shaped when releasing O2. Rupture early or plug vessels causing pain, stroke, organ damage

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aplastic anemia

bone marrow destruction by bacterial toxin, drugs or radiation reduces/stops production of RBCs

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pernicious anemia

vit. B12 deficiency (strict vegetarians) or who cannot absorb vit. B12 because of stomach mucosa.. RBCs grow big++ because can’t divide. Vit. B12 required for DNA synthesis (before cell can divide) MACROCYTIC

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folate deficiency anemia

Folate required for DNA synthesis and necessary for cell division. Deficiency caused by: some meds, inflammatory diseases of Small intestine, deficiency of green veggies MACROCYTIC

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polycythemia

inc. in number of RBCs due to bone marrow cancer or adaption to hypoxia from high altitude, smoking, COPD

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What is haematoxylin?

positively charged dye that binds to negatively charged particles (DNA, RNA) staining nuclei blue

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What is eosin?

negatively charged ion binding to positively charged proteins (granules in eosinophils)

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What stains are used in blood samples for microscopic evaluation?

haematoxylin and eosin

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function of neutrophils

multi lobed. phagocytic, engulf bacteria and fungi

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function of lymphocytes

fight viral infections. direct cell attack/antibodies. T-cells: destroy virus infected cells, B-cells: produce antibodies that group and label bacteria

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function of monocyte

become macrophages. phagocytic. triggers specific defences by presenting antigen to Tcells

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function of eosinophil

bi-lobed. destroys parasites with enzymes in granules. Dec. allergic response (inflammation) by engulfing antibody-labelled materials

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function of basophil

cannot see nucleus. Granules release histamine, causing BV to swell, allowing more WBC’s to enter = inflammation

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function of Thrombocytes

release factor to allow clotting, plug to seal tears in blood vessels

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Significance of erythrocyte structure to function?

biconcave - allows stacking and bending in blood vessel. Inc. SA:volume ..dec. distance and time to diffuse
no nucleus or organelles - more room for hemoglobin
spectrin protein - strengthens, allows bend
hemoglobin - carry O2

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What WBC’S are considered granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil

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what WBC’s are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes, monocytes

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major components of plasma?

nutrients, wastes, gases, ions, water, plasma proteins

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what are the three primary classes of plasma proteins? where are they produced?

Albumins - liver
globulins - liver and Bccells
fibrinogens - liver (clotting factors)

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most numerous WBCs to least?

neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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What type of white blood cell would be increased in a bacterial infection

neutrophils

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a parasitic infection

eosinophil

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a infectious mononucleosis

lymphocytes

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a allergic reaction

basophils

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a tissue injury

monocyte

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a viral infection

lymphocytes

why is a differential WBC count more useful than a total count?

you can see which WBC's have been increased which can direct you towards cause of illness

What is leukemia?

cancer of white blood cells

what is leukocytosis?

inc. in number of WBC, esp. during infection

what is leukopenia?

dec. in number of WBC, at risk for infectoin

what is leukopoiesis?

creation of leukocytes

define microcyte. test to determine this?

small cell size.. MCV test

define macrocyte.. test to determine this?

large cell size.. MCV test

define hyperchromic.. test to determine this?

more Hb per cell (inc. colour).. MCH test

define hypochromic.. test to determine this?

less Hb per cell (dec. colour) .. MCH test

how would you describe erythrocytes that have low MCV eat and low MCH test

microcytes, hypochromic

explanation for patient who has low HCT, how Hb but normal MCV?

hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia

explanation for patient who has low HCT and macrocyclic RBC's?

pernicious anemia (dec. vit. B12)

suggest explanation for patient who has high HCT and high Hb

polycythemia

What is hematocrit?

clinical test used to determine percentage of whole blood that is occupied by RBC's

what does a low hematocrit indicate?

fewer RBC's, or smaller RBCs

what does a high hematocrit indicate?

excessive amount of RBC's or larger RBCs

how is hematocrit determined?

determined by centrifuging blood in capillary tube. plasma remains at top, Buffy coat (WBCs and platelets) in between and RBCs at bottom

during a hematocrit test, what is the tube coated with?

anticoagulant

Mode

most frequently occurring value

median

above and below half the values (middle value), if even, take the mean of the two median numbers

mean

sum of all values/sample size

range

lowest to highest value

variability

measure of how dissimilar values are

central tendency

tendency of values to cluster around a central value

pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.. reflects amount of blood forced from heart during contraction

stage 1 hypertension? contributing factors?

140-159, 90-99.. genetic.. contributing factors are diet, exercise, obesity, age

stage 2 hypertension

more than 160/100.. "secondary to another condition", heart condition, kidneys/arteries

does systolic or diastolic inc. more with exercise? why?

systolic..inc. volume of blood in arteries, vasodilation of veins

what does the ECG measure and how can it be analyzed?

ECG measures electrical impulses from cardiac muscle (AP). it can be analyzed in terms of duration (s), amplitude and configuration (shape of waveform)

what are the three different kinds of stress tests and what do they measure

exercise: inc. interval 2-3 mins, measuring bp and electrical rhythms nuclear: comparing images of resting and exercising..measures metabolic activity pharmacological: inject a radioactive solution and do a scan.. looks at pumping function and if there are any blockages

what is CRP

C- reactive protein. inflammation in body

whats PT

prothrombin time. how quickly does it clot

whats LDH

lactate dehydrogenase.. damage to cells

whats LDH1

lactate dehydrogenase 1.. damage to cardiac cells... risk of heart attack

whats CPK

creatine-kinase.. damage to muscle cells

whats CK-MB

creatine-kinase.. damage to cardiac muscle cells

whats cTnT

troponin T.. damage to cardiac muscle

whats cTnI

troponin I..damage to cardiac muscle

tidal volume

amount of air exchanged with normal breath

inspiratory reserve volume

additional air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

additional air that can be exhaled after normal cycle

residual volume

amount of air left in lungs after max. exhale

vital capacity

max air that can move in and out of lungs in single cycle

total lung capacity

total volume of lungs

what is ventilation rate?

amount of breaths per min on average

how do you calculate minute respiratory volume?

tidal volume x ventilation rate

what are the main determinants of vital capacity?

height, age, males more than females

does cardiovascular exercise increase VC significantly?

no, can't grow lungs, affected by age and height

what is FEV? how do you calculate it? what is a typical for a healthy adult?

Forced expiratory volume.. amount of a person can forcibly exhale in 1 second.. FEV1% = FEV1/FVC 80%

what effects FEV?

restrictive pulmonary disease: restricted from fully inhaling obstructive pulmonary: narrowed lungs.. comes out slower

lab exam midterm definitions Flashcards

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