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Lab Exam Review Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

approximately how many fire monitoring stations in Alberta?

A

120 Lookout Towers
45 Ranger Stations
35 Remote Automatic Weather Stations (RAWS)
almost 200 total

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2
Q

When are observations taken?

A

Daily at 1300 hrs

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3
Q

What is recorded in these observations?

A 
temperature high and low for last 24 hrs
relative humidity and dew point
wind speed, direction and gusts (15 km more that avg w.s.)
precipitation
Additional info at manned weather stations:
obstruction to visibility
cloud type
sky condition
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4
Q

define temperature and when is it taken?

A

daily at 0800, then reset.

degree of warmth or cold as measured on a definite scale.

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5
Q

what is a minimum thermometer and maximum thermometer

A

minimum: used to measure present temperature as well as, the minimum temperature in the last 24 hours
maximum: displays the maximum temperature in the last 24 hours

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6
Q

how is relative humidity found?

A

consulting a specific table using dry and wet bulb temperatures. the Fan Psychrometer is used to determine these.

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7
Q

what is wind?

A

horizontal movement of air. wind direction is the direction that the wind is coming from. the Anemometer is used to measure the 10-minute, open wind speed.

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8
Q

what is precipitation?

A

any product resulting from the condensation of atmospheric moisture, which is deposited on the earths surface.
3 forms: liquid, freezing, frozen
is recorded in millimeters
precipitation gauge.

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of cloud appearance?

A

Stratiform: layer clouds = stable atmosphere
Cumuliform: vertically developing clouds = unstable atmosphere

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10
Q

3 types of cloud height

A

high clouds = Cirro- 20,000ft or higher
middle clouds = Alto- 6,500ft to 20,000ft
low clouds = Strato- surface to 6,500ft

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11
Q

High Clouds

A

Cirrus
almost exclusively ice crystals, have a clean white appearance
thin or nearly transparent, sun can be seen through them
may be stratiform or cumulifrom

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12
Q

Middle Clouds

A

Alto
range from white to grey
white = ice crystals, grey = water vapour
may be stratiform or cumuliform

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13
Q

2 important middle cloud types

A 
Altocumulus Castellanus (ACC)
well defined turrets giving it a castle appearance, if form early in day indicated atm instability and could have thunderstorm later
Lenticular clouds (LENS)
distinctive lens shape with thin edges, down wind end frayed. Form when sting winds flow over a north-south trending mountain range. indicates strong winds aloft, tend to put a drown on fires which increases burning intensity
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14
Q

Low Clouds

A

Strato
stratiform or cumuliform
can be grey or white
low cumuliform classified separately from layer clouds
non-consecutive low clouds classed as ā€œLā€ in forestry system

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15
Q

Cumulus (CU)

A

updrafts only
usually no precipitation
low vertical development
no substantial vertical growth when observed for 10-15 minutes

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16
Q

Towering Cumulus (CU+)

A 
up and down drafts
may have precipitation
Is growing vertically.
may be individual towers or turrets rising from main body
2-3 minutes - visible change
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17
Q

Cumulonimbus (CB)

A

down drafts only
rain, hail or both
very large, in final stage of development.
often very dark and ominous looking, has in anvil shape from geostrophic winds
thunder and lightening present along with precipitation

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18
Q

what is Verga

A

precipitation that falls from the cloud that is reabsorbed into the drier atmosphere below
looks like streaks angling out from the base of the cloud

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19
Q

how are down drafts generated?

A

rain falling out of a mature thunderstorm dragging moist cool air with in. this air is compressed and warmed. strongest down drafts at front of cell

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20
Q

Define the fire weather index (FWI)

A

quantifies danger in terms of ease of ignition, rate of spread, difficulty of control and fire impact

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21
Q

define Fire Danger

A

assessment of both fixed and variable factors of the fire environment which determine the ease of ignition, rate of spread, difficulty of control and fire impact.

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22
Q

Fire Weather Observations

A

Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind, Rain

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23
Q

Fuel Moisture Codes

A

FFMC, DMC, DC

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24
Q

Fire Behaviour Indexes

A

ISI, BUI, FWI

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25
describe ISI
``` Initial Spread Index the potential forward rate of spread in fine fuels influenced by FFMC and Wind 0 - 100+ critical threshold is 10 ```
26
describe BUI
``` Build Up Index the amount of fuel available for consumption influenced by DMC and DC 0 - 200+ critical threshold is 60 ```
27
describe FWI
``` Fire Weather Index the potential fire intensity influenced by ISI and BUI 0 - 70+ critical threshold is 30 ```
28
describe FFMC
``` Fine Fuel Moisture Code moisture content on cured fine fuels, litter and twigs < 1cm indicative of relative ease of ignition influenced by Temp, RH, Wind, Rain 0 - 96 Critical threshold is 90 0.6mm precip or more makes value drop ```
29
describe DMC
Duff Moisture Code moisture content of loosely compacted duff 5-10 cm deep and medium branches indicates probability of lightening fires influenced by Temp, RH, Rain 0 - 150+ Critical threshold is 60 1.5mm+ drops value
30
describe DC
Drought Code moisture content of deep compacted organic fuels and large woody fuels Indicates relative control and mop-up difficulties influenced by Temp, Rain 0 - 800+ Critical threshold is 300 2.9mm+ precip drops value
31
describe HFI
Head Fire Index numerical ranking of difficulty of control for specific fuel types 1 - 6 Critical threshold is 3
32
Fire Weather Index Values (flip)
0 - 5 Low Green 6 - 14 Moderate Blue 15 - 22 High Yellow 23 - 30 Very High Orange 31+ Extreme Red
33
Fire Pumps
Mark 3 and Floto-Pump
34
Mark 3 pre operation
have plastic sheet underneath tie pump down check water so suction pump is clear and only taking in clean water (tied to shovel or overhanging log) prime pump with water, no air left attach ball valve to protect from back pressure attach by-pass line to ball valve for return water
35
Mark 3 operation
HEARING PROTECTION reset rod pushed in prime engine with primer bulb (not necessary is warmed up) cold start = choke on set throttle to start pull cord till engine starts IMPORTANT: once started let idle for 2 minutes w/out increasing throttle to run position
36
Mark 3 shut down
ease back on throttle to stop and let idle down for 1 minute disconnect fuel line disconnect and drain pump and hoses
37
what is Head
elevation difference between fire and pumping site. creates back pressure equal to 0.5 psi/foot of elevation gain OR divide elevation in feet by 2
38
what is Friction
loss is caused by the type and length of hose laid out between pump and the fire
39
minimum psi required at nozzle to work fire effectively?
25 psi
40
calculation for pump pressure
Pump pressure output (275 psi) - Head + Friction Loss
41
Single pump system
water source to pump, to 3 way valve (for by-line) to nozzle or second 3 way valve for two nozzles
42
Parallel Pump System
water source to two independent pumps each with own by-pass line, to 3 way valve, to nozzle or second 3 way valve for two nozzles
43
Tandem Pump System
water source to single pump, to second single pump. to 3 way valve for by-pass, to nozzle or second 3 way valve for two nozzles pump A should run slighting higher than pump B to maintain water pressure
44
C-1
Spruce- Lichen Woodland | -open stands of black spruce in dense clumps on well-drained upland sites
45
C-2
boreal spruce | -moderately well-stocked black spruce stands on upland and lowland sites
46
C-3
Mature jack or lodgepole pine | -fully stocked (1000-2000 stems/ha) mature jack pine or lodgepole pine stands
47
C-4
immature jack or lodgepole pine | -pure dense (10 000-30 000 stems/ha) stands of immature jack pine or lodgepole pine
48
C-5
red and white pine | -moderately well-stocked stands of red and white pine.
49
C-6
conifer plantation | -pure, fully stocked conifer plantations with full crown closure
50
C-7
ponderosa pine/douglas fir | -open, mature, uneven-aged stands of ponderosa pine and douglas-fir
51
D-1
leafless aspen | -pure, semi-mature, moderately well-stocked stands of trembling aspen
52
M-1
Boreal mixedwood-leafless | -moderately well- stocked stands of boreal coniferous and percent coniferous and deciduous composition.
53
M-2
boreal mixedwood- green | -moderately well- stocked stands of boreal coniferous and percent coniferous and deciduous composition.
54
M-3
dead balsam fir/mixedwood-leafless | -moderately well-stocked stands of black and white spruce, jack pine or white birch with dead balsam fir.
55
M-4
dead balsam fir/mixedwood-green | -moderately well-stocked stands of black and white spruce, jack pine or white birch with dead balsam fir.
56
S-1
jack or lodgepole pine slash | -clear-cut logging slash from mature jack pine or lodgepole pine stands
57
S-2
spruce/balsam slash | -clear-cut logging slash from mature or over-mature stands os white and or engelmann spruce and subalpine fir
58
S-3
coastal cedar/hemlock/douglas-fir slash | -slash resulting from higher-lead logging of mature to overmature western red cedar, western hemlock and douglas-fir
59
O-1a
matted grass | -occasional trees or shrub clumps
60
O-1b
standing grass | -occasional trees or shrub clumps

Fires (8 decks)

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