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biochem > lab final > Flashcards

lab final Flashcards

1
Q

what is a biuret test?

A

tests for the presense of proteins
- uses copper ions in an alkaline solution to form a complex with peptide bonds in proteins
- color change (blue to violet)

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2
Q

what is the significance of color in a biuret test?

A

blue - no protein
middle colors indication varying concentrations of proteins
violet - protein

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3
Q

relationship between absorbance and concentration?

A

higher conc, higher absorbance

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4
Q

how to calculate Km from graph:

A

x-intercept = 1/Km

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5
Q

how to calculate Vmax from graph:

A

y-int = 1/Vmax

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6
Q

slope =

A

Km / Vmax

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7
Q

what is ONPG?

A
  • a false substrate
  • full name: ortho-nitro-phenyl-galactoside
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8
Q

why is ONPG used?

A

b/c it’s difficult to accurately measure lactose/glucose in a solution
- ONPG has a similar structure to lactose and can bind to the enzyme/be cleaved

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9
Q

products of ONPG…

A

ONP and galactose

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10
Q

ONP’s color

A

yellow

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11
Q

can ONP be measured by…

A

spectrophotomery

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12
Q

what is an activator?

A

when substance increases activity of an enzymatic rxn

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13
Q

what is an inhibitor?

A

when a substance decreases the activity of an enzymatic rxn

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14
Q

categories of inhibitors:

A

competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition

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15
Q

competitive inhibition is…

A

inhibitor resembles chemical structure of substrate
- competes with substrate for binding to active site
- inhibitor is only able to bind to free enzyme and can’t bind substrate-enzyme complex
- Km increases

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16
Q

how can comp inhibition be overcome?

A

adding substrate in large amts till there is more substrate than inhibitor (Vmax is unchanged)

17
Q

noncompetitive inhibition is…

A

when the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site (allosteric site)
- changes the overall shape of enzyme
- apparent Vmax decreases
- Km is unchanged - no prevention of substrate binding

18
Q

can noncomp inhibition be overcome?

A

no

19
Q

what does the iodine number tell us?

A
  • the degree of unsaturation
  • # of iodine grams consumed by 100g of fat
  • sees how much iodine will react to the double bonds present in the 100g of fat/oil
20
Q

what has the higher iodine number?

A

unsaturated fats (greater than 70)
- range: 125-150
- vegetable products

21
Q

what has the lower iodine number?

A

saturated fats (lower than 70)
- close to zero as saturated fats take up little to no iodine
- animal fats/oils

22
Q

how is DNA cut with restriction enzymes?

A
  • cut DNA at specific sites to create restriction fragments
23
Q

how does agarose gel work?

A

traps molecules to show bands/fragments

24
Q

negatively charged molecules migrate to…

A

positive pole, the anode (right)

25
Q

positively charged molecules migrate to..

A

negative pole, cathode (left)

26
Q

separation of large molecules depends on…

A

mass and charge

27
Q

larger molecules diffuse…

A

readily

28
Q

advantage of aerobic respiration

A

more ATP (36 ATP)

29
Q

advantage of anaerobic respiration

A

survival in less desirable conditions

30
Q

what does the ETC do?

A

transports chain electrons from NADH to oxygen (final electron acceptor)

31
Q

products of ethanol fermentation

A

ethanol and co2 gas

32
Q

when yeast are placed into an anaerobic environment…

A

ethanol fermentation occurs

33
Q

FAD is a…

A

redox active coenzyme that also functions as an electron acceptor

34
Q

NAD is…

A

coenzyme

35
Q

FADH2 is the…

A

reduced form of FAD

36
Q

NAD’s reduced form is…

A

NADH

37
Q

difference between SAT and UNS fats?

A

UNS fats have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

SAT fats have only single bonds

38
Q

fatty acids with less than 10 carbons are…

A

usually liquids at room temp

39
Q

fatty acids with longer chains are usually…

A

solids

biochem (11 decks)

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