Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio 2 > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

(132 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Internal vs External fertilization

A

Internal fertilization occurs inside the body. External fertilization occurs when gametes are released into the external environment- which more often occurs in aquatic than terrestrial environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What surrounds the human kidney?

A

A tough renal capsule that provides protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of the renal cortex?

A

It’s the location of ultrafiltration, the superficial portion under the capsule, contains the majority of nephrons, and is reddish brown + granular in appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of the renal medulla?

A

deeper, hypertonic to aid in water reabsorption, darker than cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does each nephron begin?

A

at a renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the renal corpuscle formed from?

A

the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is blood brought to the kidneys & filtered?

A

It’s brought through renal arteries and filtered in the glomerulus within the glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up the renal tubule?

A

the proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the proximal tubule do?

A

carries the filtrate from the renal corpuscle to the nephron loop. As the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, water, ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two sections of the nephron loop & what are their functions?

A

the descending limb and the ascending limb. The descending limb reabsorbs water from the filtrate, while the ascending limb removes salt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the distal tubule?

A

regulates the ion concentrations and pH of the filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens at the apex of the renal pyramid?

A

minor calyces transport urine from the collecting ducts to the major calyces, which carry it to the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the renal pelvis and what is its function?

A

The renal pelvis is a large, funnel-shaped chamber inside of the renal medulla that carries urine to the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to urine when it leaves the kidney?

A

it travels down the ureters to the urinary bladder, a temporary storage site, then exits the body through the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do female gametes begin developing?

A

Within follicles in the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do eggs go when they are released in ovulation?

A

the uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do uterine tubes begin?

A

at a large, funnel-like structure called the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?

A

provide the suction to pull the newly released oocyte into the infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three walls of the uterus?

A

the perimetrium is the outermost layer
the myometrium is the middle muscular layer
the endometrium is the inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is shed during menstration?

A

the functional portion of the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the sections of the uterus and what are their functions?

A

The main portion is the body. Toward the inferior end, the uterus narrows into the cervix. Below the cervix, a fibromuscular elastic tube, known as the vagina, connects the uterus to the external environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Labia majora vs minora

A

The labia majora are the larger, outer folds of tissue, while the labia minora are the smaller, inner folds of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the clitoris composed of?

A

erectile tissue and many sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are male gametes produced?

A

seminiferous tubules within the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where are the testes kept?
the scrotum
26
What is the function of the epididymis?
a storage sight for sperm after they leave the seminiferous tubules, this is where they mature & develop flagella
27
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
transport sperm out of the epididymis, contracting to propel the sperm to the ejaculatory ducts
28
What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
produce secretions that are important components in semen
29
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
produces secretions that travel through the urethra
30
What is the function of the penis?
internal fertilization
31
What is the path of sperm through the male reproductive structures?
seminiferous tubules to epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory ducts to prostate gland to urethra to external urethral orifice
32
What is the path of a neural signal?
dendrites receive signal, travels to cell body, axon hillock integrates and transmits it to the axon, travels the axon to axon terminals which release neurotransmitters to relay message to other neurons/muscles/organs
33
What kind of nerve system does porifera have?
none
34
What kind of nerve system do cnidarians have?
a nerve net
35
The central nervous system in vertebrates is composed of the brain and spinal cord, covered by ____?
3 layers of tissue called meninges
36
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid & what is it produced by?
The brain floats in CSF, protecting it. It's produced by meninges and the ventricular system
37
What does the automatic nervous system control?
involuntary processes like digestive peristalsis
38
What is/are the function(s) of the motor nervous system?
transmits sensory stimuli from skin, sensory organs, and muscles to the CNS and carries motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands
39
Which structures are within the brain?
ventricular system, cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem
40
What covers the cerebrum?
a thick layer of tissue called the cerebral cortex
41
What are the 2 components of the cerebral cortex?
a series of folds called gyri and grooves called sulci
42
What does the longitudinal fissure divide?
the right and left hemisphere
43
What connects the two hemispheres?
the corpus callosum
44
Where is the frontal lobe and what is its function?
The front of the cerebrum. Controls cognitive functions like speech, attentiveness, and decision making. Involved in the formation of personality and socialization, as well as the ability to evaluate risk
45
Where is the olfactory bulb found?
The frontal lobe
46
Where is the parietal lobe and what is its function?
The superior surface of the cerebrum. Functions in speech, literacy, somatosensation, and proprioception
47
Where is the occipital lobe and what is its function?
the back of the cerebrum. Primarily involved in interpreting visual stimuli
48
Where is the temporal lobe and what is its function?
The lateral surface of the cerebrum. Processes and interprets sounds
49
What is somatosensation?
touch sensations like pressure, pain, or heat/cold
50
What is proprioception?
the sense of how parts of the body are oriented in space
51
Where is the hippocampus located and what is its function?
The temporal lobe. Processes memory formation
52
What does the diencephalon contain?
the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland
53
What is the function of the thalamus?
Modulating conscious awareness of sensory and/or motor inputs. Regulates consciousness and sleep states
54
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controls the endocrine system by signaling the pituitary gland. Controls body temperature, hunger/thirst, energy usage, circadian rhythms, and parenting and attachment behaviors
55
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
an endocrine gland that produces several types of hormones which control other glands as well as target cells
56
What is the function of the cerebellum?
controls balance and aids in coordinating movement and learning motor skills
57
What is the brain stem composed of and what is its function?
It is composed of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons. Relays signals between the brain and the spinal cord, controls alertness, breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, and the integration of sensory and motor information.
58
White vs. grey matter
White composed of myelinated axons. Grey composed of neuron cell bodies, glial cells, and contains interneurons
59
What are interneurons?
cells which have the ability to connect two neurons that are located in different areas of the body
60
What are found in the dorsal gray horns and ventral gray horns?
axons and cell bodies
61
Dorsal gray horns vs. ventral gray horn functions
dorsal horns carry sensory info, ventral horns carry motor signals
62
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
The sensory (afferent) neuron cell bodies
63
What is the ventral root?
Connector to the motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord
64
What is a photoreceptor?
specialized cells found in animal eyes that convert light stimuli into electrochemical signals
65
What is ommatilda?
Independent repeating units that make up compound eyes. Each ommatidium is a separate visual receptor, composed of a lens, one transparent cone, pigment cells, and light-sensitive cells arranged in a radial pattern
66
What are the layers of the eye?
a fibrous tunic, a vascular tunic, and a neural tunic
67
What is the sclera?
The white part of the fibrous tunic, opaque and reinforced with collagen and elastic fibers
68
What is the cornea?
The transparent part of the fibrous tunic. It refracts light and accounts for 2/3 of the eyes optical power
69
What is the pupil?
An aperture in the vascular tunic that allows light into the eye
70
What is the iris?
Colored structure that surrounds the pupil, controls the amount of light that reaches the retina
71
What is the ciliary body?
A structure behind the pupil that suspends the lens of the eye
72
What are the ciliary muscles?
Muscles within the ciliary body that can adjust the focal distance of the eye
73
What is the choroid?
The portion of the vascular tunic that is posterior to the ciliary body which contains capillaries that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the retina
74
What is the retina?
The part of the eye containing photoreceptor cells
75
What are the two types of photorecptors?
rods and cones
76
Rods vs. cones
Rods: more, work well in low light to produce b&w vision Cones: fewer, work best in bright light, create color vision Both transmit signals to optic nerve
77
What is aqueous humor?
A fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye. Transports nutrients, removes waste, and provides cushioning
78
What is vitreous humor?
Fluid filling the posterior cavity of the eye. Has a high concentration of proteins.
79
What is the tympanum?
A membrane in the ear which sound waves strike
80
What is the pinna?
An external, cartilaginous structure that collects sound waves in mammals
81
What is the external acoustic canal?
The funnel shaped pinna in the human ear
82
What is ear wax called?
cerumen
83
What are the auditory ossicles and what are their function?
The malleus, incus, and stapes. These bones amplify and transfer vibrations to the inner ear
84
What is the auditory tube and what is its function?
The structure that connects the middle ear to the pharynx. It regulates air pressure within the middle ear
85
What is the oval window?
The structure separating the inner ear from the middle ear
86
What is the cochlea?
A structure in the inner ear containing hair cells that convert vibrations into electrochemical signals
87
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
To transmit signals from the cochlea to the brain
88
What is the function of semicircular canals?
control balance and interpret velocity & position of the head
89
What are the 3 types of musculoskeletal systems?
1. Hydrostatic skeletons: usually seen in soft bodied animals in aquatic environments 2. Exoskeletons: usually seen in terrestrial invertebrates. Muscles attached to external skeleton. 3. Endoskeletons: seen in vertebrates. Composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
90
What are osteons?
The units that make up compact bone tissue. Cylindrical in shape
91
What are osteocytes?
The living cells in osteons
92
What are canaliculi?
The canals that connect lacunae
93
What are lacunae?
Pockets containing osteocytes
94
What is the function of the central canal in osteons?
It allows blood vessels and nerve fibers to run through the middle of each osteon
95
What is spongy bone?
Bone tissue made up of trabecular with no osteons, irregular spaces allow for compression
96
Where is spongy bone found?
The inner layer of long bones
97
What are condrocytes?
Specialized cells that make up hyaline cartilage. Found on rib ends, respiratory tract, nose, ears, and surface of joints
98
Which bones are flat?
Cranial, ribs, sternum, scapula, carpals, and tarsals
99
Which bones are irregular?
Facial, hyoid, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, and coxal bones
100
Which bones are sesamoid?
The patella
101
Which bones are long?
Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, digits, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals
102
What is the axial skeleton?
The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
103
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
104
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
clavicles and acpulae
105
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
106
What is a sarcomere?
Repeating units that make up a myofibril
107
Where is the M-line on a sarcomere?
the center
108
What is the origin of a muscle?
The site where bone and muscle are attached but do not move during contraction
109
What is insertion of a muscle?
The place where one end of a muscle is attached to the freely moving bone of its joint
110
What is an antagonistic pair?
Pairs of muscles whose contractions create opposing movements
111
What is adduction?
Muscle contractions that move the limb closer to the midline of the body
112
What is abduction?
Muscle contractions that move a limb further from the midline of the body
113
What is extension?
Movement that increases the angle between the bones at a joint
114
What is flexion?
Movement that decreases the angle between bones at a joint
115
What is an isometric contraction?
Contractions that generate force without changing the length of the muscle or producing movement at a joint
116
What is an isogenic contraction?
A contraction that generates force by changing the length of the muscle, which results in movement at a joint
117
Anterior vs. posterior muscles
Anterior muscles are on the front of the body, posterior muscles are on the back
118
What is an example of a muscle that uses extension movement?
Latissimus dorsi, Triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris
119
What is an example of a muscle that uses flexor movement?
Hamstring and biceps brachii
120
What is an example of a muscle that uses abductor movement?
deltoids
121
Do you know where muscles are and what their names are?
hopefully
122
What are bryophytes?
Bryophyta, hepatophyta, and anthocerophyta
123
What is the dominant generation in bryophyta?
gametophyte
124
Are sperm flagellated in bryophytes?
Yes
125
What is the archegonia?
The structure that produces eggs
126
What is the antheridia?
The structure that produces sperm
127
What is a fern leaf called?
fronds
128
What is the female pine cone called?
Megasporangium
129
What is the male pine cone called?
Microsporangium
130
Is corn a monocot or dicot?
monocot
131
Is a bean a monocot or dicot?
dicot
132

bio 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions