Lab Final Flashcards
1
Q
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
A
- a type of cancer that is inheritable
- include a sarcoma patient and at least two immediate relatives with other cancers before the age of 45, as well as multiple cancers in other family members
2
Q
Cancer seems to be linked to
A
the inheritance of mutated suppressor genes, such as p53
3
Q
Germline mutations
A
- mutations that are directly inherited
- a single somatic mutation within the suppressor gene will result in the inactivation of both alleles
4
Q
Somatic mutations
A
- do not have direct genetic links
- are acquired during the life of the individual
5
Q
“Two-hit” hypothesis
A
- normal inherited suppressor genes
- free of mutations
- require two sequential somatic mutations to imitate tumors
6
Q
p53
A
- located on short arm of chromosome 17
- encodes a 53,000 molecular nuclear phosphoprotein
- 3 domains
(1) the amino terminus region which contains the transcriptional activation region
(2) central region within the protein where the majority of critical “hot spot” mutations are located
(3) the carboxyl section that is the most complex section that contains the oligomerization and nuclear localization sequences
7
Q
“Hot Spots”
A
- sites where mutations are detected in high frequencies
- between eons 5 through 8 where 95% of the mutations occur
- create sites of restriction where the DNA will cut
8
Q
DNA
A
- is negatively charged
- will migrate to the positive plate
9
Q
Tumor Suppressors
A
- a type of protein that is able to suppress and limit the amount of cell growth
- suppress tumor formation
- promote apoptosis
10
Q
Oncogenes
A
- cancer-causing genes
- promote the growth of cells
- formation of tumors
- inhibit apoptosis
11
Q
Control Lane
A
used as a standard to compare unknown data with the known standards
12
Q
Normal p53
A
expect 1 band on gel electrophoresis
13
Q
Mutated p53
A
- see pieces/fragments (at least 2 bands
- one will be normal healthy band
- one will be pieces of mutants
14
Q
Cocci
A
cell shape is small spheres
15
Q
Bacilli
A
rod shaped cells
16
Q
Spirilla / Spirochaetes
A
helix-shaped cells
17
Q
Colonies
A
cells will aggregate to form colonies
18
Q
Gram’s Stain
A
using crystal violet
it binds irreversibly to cell wall components of only some bacteria
19
Q
Gram Positive
A
- bacteria that retain the stain when washed with alcohol
- rich in peptidoglycan
- i.e. staphylococcus pneumonia
20
Q
Gram Negative
A
bacteria that are decolorized by the alcohol wash
- have two membranes, an outer envelope and plasma membrane
- i.e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
21
Q
“Plated”
A
when the mixed dilution is placed on the agar plate
22
Q
Serial Dilution
A
diluting the sample to hopefully obtain less bacteria on a slide
23
Q
Standard Plate Count
A
want to have 3-300 colonies on a plate
number of bacteria in original sample is obtained by multiplying the number of colonies by the dilution/plating factor
24
Q
Akinetes
A
elongated cells on anabaena
25
Heterocysts
spherical cells on anabaena
26
4 types of cyanobacteria
1) Anabaena (Chain shape)
2) Gloeocapsa (Colony shape, random)
3) Oscillatoria (Filament shape)
4) Merismopedia (colony shape)
27
Ubiquitous
found everywhere
| such as bacteria
28
Bacteria
- prokaryotes (≥5000 species)
- binary fission
- decomposers, symbionts, pathogens
- Pathogens => plague, TB, cholera
29
Key features of Fungi
Hyphae
multicellular haploid structure
Absorb nutrients
30
Key features of Fungi
Hyphae
multicellular haploid structure
Absorb nutrients
31
Armillaria ostoyae
largest living thing in America
| found in Oregon
32
Hyphae
hollow tube structures that increase the surface area of organisms
33
Hyphae
- hollow tube structures that increase the surface area of organisms
- individual filaments that are composed of cells joined one to end so that they are only one cell in diameter
34
Mycelium
mass of intertwined filaments that make up the body
35
Chitin
a polymer found in the cell walls
36
Septa
cross walls that divide the hyphae
| - perforated to allow cytoplasm to flow from one cell compartment to the next
37
Coenocytic
aseptate
lack septae
- many nuclei are found in a a single large cytoplasm
38
Spores
can be asexual or sexual
| haploid cells encased by a though cell wall
39
Plasmogamy
occurs when the cytoplasms from the terminal cells of hyphae from two parents fuse
40
Mating Types
+ and -
41
Heterokaryon
this forms when the cytoplasms of two mating types unite
| - a single cytoplasms containing haploid nuclei from two different parents
42
Dikaryon
when there are two nuclei per cell
43
Karyogamy
when a haploid nuclei in a dikaryon will fuse to produce a single diploid nucleus
44
zygote
diploid cell is called this
| only diploid cell in the life cycle
45
Phylum Chytridiomycota
aquatic organisms
46
Phylum Zygomycota
live in soil or decaying plane and animal matter
can be parasites
-aseptate cells
47
Zoospores
- found in the Phylum Chytridiomycota
- are flagellated reproductive cells
- are produced during intracellular mitosis in the sporangium with cytokinesis
- are produced by intranuclear meiosis
48
Gametangia
structures specialized to produce haploid male and female gametes
- both are flagellated and motile
eggs are larger
49
Zygosporangium
Phylum Zygomycota
| Sexual spores
50
Sporangiophores
Phylum Zygomycota
| Asexual spores
51
Ascus
sac-like sexual reproductive structures that produce haploid spores
Phylum Ascomycota
52
Conidiophore
specialized sporangia that produce asexual spores (conidia) by mitosis
53
Conidia
Phylum Ascomycota
| asexual reproductive spores
54
Ascocarps
fruiting bodies of Phylum Ascomycota
| sexual phase
55
Basidia
Phylum Basidiomycota
sexual spores
will produce four haploid spores
56
Basidiocarps
fruiting bodies for Phylum Basidiomycota
57
Crustose
lichens grow as a crust on surfaces
58
Foliose
lichens are more or less leafy in appearance
59
Fruticose
lichens are shrublike with branching and intertwined fibrous parts
60
Mycorrhizae
a symbiotic relationship between fungi with roots
61
Phylum Basidiomycota
```
Club fungi
form parasitic relationships with plants
septate
dikaryotic cells for most
sexual spores produced in the basidium
```
62
Lichen
composed of alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus
- do not reproduce sexually
- fragmentation of the lichen asexually propagates the association
63
monokaryotic
only one nucleus per cell
64
Allomyces
Phylum Chytridiomycota
Asexual sporangium
Sexual gametangia
65
Rhizopus
Phylum Zygomycota
Asexual sporangiophores
Sexual zygosporangium
