Lab Final

Question 1

__________ catalyze (accelerate) reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur

Answer 1

Enzymes

Question 2

Enzymes bind to reacting molecules called ___________ and its site of attachment is the __________ site

Answer 2

1. Substrates

2. Active

Question 3

When an enzyme _________, it destroys its effectiveness by altering the active site and slowing the reaction

Answer 3

Denatures

Question 4

Know what enzyme we used during the lab

Answer 4

Peroxidase (Turnip)

Question 5

Know what substrate we used during the lab

Answer 5

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Question 6

Know what optimum conditions mean for an enzyme

Answer 6

The range of values for environmental factors (such as temperature & PH within) which an enzyme functions best

Question 7

Concentration Activity

Answer 7

Increase concentration-> Increase activity

Question 8

Temperature Activity

Answer 8

Increase temperature -> Increase activity (until denurtaration)

Question 9

PH Activity

Answer 9

depends on its environment

Question 10

Know what a water bath is and what we use it for

Answer 10

warming up substances

Question 11

Know the equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 11

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) -> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP + heat

Question 12

Energy is stored in bonds of _______, which is later used as a direct source of energy for cellular metabolism

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

The 3 main stages of respiration include:

Answer 13

1.Glycolysis, 2.Krebs Cycle, 3.ETC

Question 14

Know what organism we used to determine CO2 production during fermentation

Answer 14

yeast

Question 15

What a fermentation tube is

Answer 15

P.S the one that looks like a weed bong

Question 16

Know how magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) an activator and Sodium Flouride (NaF) an inhibitor affect glycolysis

Answer 16

activator: helps glycolysis
inhibitor: stops glycolysis

Question 17

The experiment with pinto beans involved the use of phenol red. Using this chemical, how could we tell if respiration occurs?

Answer 17

It turned orange/yellow because of CO2

Question 18

______ is a complex process that converts radian energy (light) to chemical energy (sugar)

Answer 18

Photosynthesis

Question 19

Know the equation for photosynthesis

Answer 19

6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 12H2O (water) ->(light) C6H12O6 (glucose/sugar) + 6H2O (water) + 6O2 (oxygen)

Question 20

Photosynthesis is divided into what 2 sets of reactions?

Answer 20

1. Light dependent 2. Light independent

Question 21

A substance that absorbs light is called ________

Answer 21

Pigment

Question 22

What 4 pigments did we see using paper chromatography? Know the color of each and which moved the farthest

Answer 22

1. Chlorophyll B - green yellow
2. Chlorophyll A - green blue
3. Xanthophylls- yellow
4. Carotenoids - orange

Question 23

When we put the spinach in phenol red, after we turned it orange-yellow by blowing air into it, why did it return to its original red color?

Answer 23

The leaf was using CO2 to do photosynthesis/ leaves do not use greenlight

Question 24

Know the stages of the cell cycle, the stages of interphase, and the stages of mitosis

Answer 24

G1,S,G2, Mitosis (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) Cytokenisis

Question 25

G1

Answer 25

Growth and preparation for DNA synthesis

Question 26

S

Answer 26

A copy of the genome is synthesiszed

Question 27

G2

Answer 27

Prepares the cell for mitosis

Question 28

Prophase

Answer 28

Condensed chromosomes, spindle apparatus assembles, 2 centrioles move to oppositepoles, nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 29

Prometaphase

Answer 29

Microtubules attach to kinetochores, chromosomes begin to move to the center of the cell

Question 30

Metaphase

Answer 30

Chromosomes align along metaphase plate

Question 31

Anaphase

Answer 31

Centriomeres split, cohesin is removed, sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles

Question 32

Telophase

Answer 32

Spindle apparatus disassembles, nuclear envelope forms, chromosomes uncoil and nucleolus reappears in each new cell

Question 33

Cytokenisis

Answer 33

Divides the cell into 2 cells

Question 34

What are the 2 rounds of Meiosis and the stages in each?

Answer 34

Meiosis I & Meiosis II / each one has prophase, prometaphase, metapahse, anaphase, telophase

Question 35

A gene has alternate states called________, contributed to an organism by its parents

Answer 35

allleles

Question 36

Know the difference between dominant (P) and recessive (p)

Answer 36

dominant (P)- alleles that mask the expression but are expressed themselves recessive (p)- alleles whose expression is masked

Question 37

Know the difference between genotype (Pp) and phenotype (purple flowers)

Answer 37

phenotypes- physical appearance | genotype- includes all the alleles present in the cell

Question 38

______ results in an intermidiate characteristic

Answer 38

incomplete dominance

Question 39

In _______ both alleles contribute to the phenotype of a heterozygote

Answer 39

Codominance- AB blood

Question 40

Know the universal blood donor

Answer 40

O

Question 41

Know the universal blood receiver

Answer 41

AB

Question 42

Be able to read a pedigree and tell if a trait is dominant or recessive

Answer 42

dominant- occurs every generation | recessive- less common

Question 43

circle

Answer 43

female

Question 44

square

Answer 44

male

Question 45

Know how Gel Electrophoresis works

Answer 45

process that separates DNA or protein fragments according to their size, causing them to migrate within a gel in response to an electric field

Question 46

Know the charge of DNA and how it moves in the gel

Answer 46

DNA is negatively charge and it moves to the positive pole/ moves based on size/ larger/slower /smaller/faster

Question 47

Know how the DNA gathered from the bananas looked

Answer 47

cloudy precipitate

Question 48

Know what the soap mixture was for

Answer 48

to break down cell and organelle membranes