Lab Final Exam

Question 1

Steps of the scientific method

Answer 1

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and

conclusion

Question 2

Independent Variable

Answer 2

variable that is manipulated

Question 3

Dependent Variable

Answer 3

Variable that is measured

Question 4

5 FACTORS TO ANALYZE 24 RECALL

Answer 4

1. Weight
2. Height
3. Gender
4. Activity
5. Age

Question 5

Macronutrients

Answer 5

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins

Question 6

micronutrients

Answer 6

Minerals and vitamins

Question 7

Acceptable macronutrients distribution range

Answer 7

• Carbs: 45-65%
• Protein: 10-35%
• Fats: 20%-35%

Question 8

Magnification

Answer 8

Is the ratio of the apparent size of the object as seen
through the microscope (image size) to the real-life side of the
object.

Question 9

Resolution

Answer 9

the ability of the microscope to distinguish as separate

and distinct objects that lie in close proximity.

Question 10

Human cells hierarchy

Answer 10

cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ system

Question 11

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 11

single-celled organism (lacks membrane-bound

nuclei & membrane organelles)

Question 12

eukaryotic cells

Answer 12

single or multi-celled organism

Question 13

Animal cells are

Answer 13

Surrounded by cell membrane

Question 14

Plasma membrane

Answer 14

double-layer structure and has 2 main components: phospholipids and protein

Question 15

Cytoplasm

Answer 15

inside the cell membrane & contains cell organelles that are vital to functionality.

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

largest organelle & contains cells genetic material & controls cells activity.

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

catabolic organelle where carbs, lipids, & proteins are broken down by cellular respiration to produce energy aka ATP.

Question 18

Plant cells differ from…

Answer 18

animals b/c of their rigid cell walls that

surround plasma membrane & has chloroplast and water-filled vacuoles

Question 19

G.I TRACT

Answer 19

• The body prepares foods for ABSORBTION through DIGESTION
• Food enters the GI tract through the LUMEN (inside of the hollow
  tube)
• Food gets broken down into the smallest units: amino acids,
  simple sugars, fatty acids to get absorbed by INTESTINAL
  EPITHELIAL CELLS.

Question 20

UPPER GI TRACT

Answer 20

mouth, esophagus, and stomach

Question 21

LOWER GI TRACT

Answer 21

small intestine, large intestine, and anus(butthole)

Question 22

IMPORTANT ORGANS FOR DIGESTION

Answer 22

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Question 23

Small intestine

Answer 23

The main site for digestion, includes the duodenum,

jejunum, and ileum. The inner wall is covered in villi for absorption.

Question 24

Amylose

Answer 24

The scientific name for starch.

Question 25

Amylase

Answer 25

An enzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides called maltose. If the enzyme is exposed to extreme heat and acid it will be denatured.

Question 26

Buffers

Answer 26

Used to help stabilize PH

Question 27

Mouth pH

Answer 27

Neutral.

Question 28

Stomach pH

Answer 28

Very acidic, pH of 2.

Question 29

Small intestine pH

Answer 29

Alkaline.

Question 30

Lipids are broken down into..

Answer 30

glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 31

Chyme

Answer 31

an acidic fluid leaves the stomach to go into the small intestine. Pancreas then releases pancreatic juices.

Question 32

Lipase

Answer 32

the enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) fats.

Question 33

Lingual lipase

Answer 33

in salivary glands and can initiate digestion.

Question 34

Bile

Answer 34

used to emulsify fats and is released by the gallbladder.

Question 35

Litmus

Answer 35

alkaline solution that turns from blue to pink if acid is | detected.

Question 36

Protein composition

Answer 36

A polypeptide chain of 1 or more strands of amino acids.

Question 37

Gene

Answer 37

a stretch of DNA that provides a blueprint for the og structure of a polypeptide.

Question 38

Codon (3 letters)

Answer 38

inside mRNA nucleotide sequence which corresponds | to an amino acid.

Question 39

Peptide bond

Answer 39

Helps form proteins by linking amino acids together

Question 40

Stomach acid

Answer 40

denatures proteins and opens their structure to allow | enzymes to attack.

Question 41

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases

Answer 41

pancreatic | protein-digesting enzymes.

Question 42

Pepsin

Answer 42

works in the stomach, the inactive form is pepsinogen, activated by stomach acid and helps break down protein into polypeptide bonds & amino acids.

Question 43

Proteases

Answer 43

enzymes found in the small intestine

Question 44

Antioxidants

Answer 44

get rid of ROS and capture Radicals. Used to protect LDL | from oxidation

Question 45

Free radicals

Answer 45

a molecule with one or more unpaired electron

Question 46

How antioxidants work to fight free radicals

Answer 46

donating one or more | electrons to stop the chain reaction

Question 47

Food sources of antioxidants

Answer 47

color pigments in fruits and veggies

Question 48

Carotenoids

Answer 48

Antioxidant pigments that are yellow, orange, and red.

Question 49

Chlorophylls

Answer 49

Antioxidant that is green.

Question 50

Beta-carotene

Answer 50

AKA Vitamin A, is found in carrots.

Question 51

Body mass

Answer 51

2 types, essential & non-essential, adipose or fat that | lines our organs

Question 52

Fat-free mass

Answer 52

everything else.

Question 53

Intestinal Microflora

Answer 53

bacteria produce nutrients like short-chain | fatty acids, some B- vitamins, and vitamin K.