Lab final exam Flashcards
1
Q
How are bones classified?
A
By their general shape
2
Q
What are the 6 different ways to classify bones?
A
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Irregular bones
- Sutural bones
3
Q
How do you categorize/describe long bones?
A
- longer than they are wide
- Mostly located in the appendicular skeleton
4
Q
What are some examples of long bones?
A
Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals
5
Q
What is the diaphysis?
A
the shaft of the long bone
6
Q
What are the epiphysis?
A
each end of a long bone
7
Q
How do you categorize/describe short bones?
A
Are about as wide as they are long and cube shaped
8
Q
Where are short bones only found?
A
In hands and feet
9
Q
What are examples of short bones?
A
carpal bones and tarsal bones
10
Q
How do you categorize/describe flat bones?
A
Are flat and thin
11
Q
What are examples of flat bones?
A
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Lacrimal, Nasal, Vomer, Scapula, Sternum, Rib, and Hip/coxal bone
12
Q
How do you categorize/describe sesamoid bones?
A
Circular bones and looks similar to a sesame seed in shape
13
Q
What is an example of a sesamoid bones?
A
Patella (knee cap)
14
Q
How do you categorize/describe irregular bones?
A
Complex shapes and bones that do not fit neatly into long, short, flat or sesamoid bone category
15
Q
What are examples of irregular bones?
A
Ethmoid, palatine, Inferior nasal concha, Sphenoid, Temporal, Zygomatic, Maxillla, Mandible, Hyoid, Vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx
16
Q
How do you categorize/describe sutural bones?
A
Only within cranial sutures and are unnamed
17
Q
Where are sutural bones only found?
A
the skull
18
Q
Bone is also called _____ tissue?
A
osseous
19
Q
Osseous tissue comes into what two forms?
A
compact bone and spongy bone
20
Q
Describe compact bone:
A
Compact bone is mostly solid with only a few hollow spaces for either cells or blood vessels and nerves; usually found on the outer surface of bones
21
Q
Describe spongy bone:
A
Spongy bone is very porous, with the bone mineral forming a web-like series of connecting columns; usually found on the interior of bones.
22
Q
Compact bone is made up of _____?
A
osteons
23
Q
What are osteons?
A
cylinders of bone
24
Q
Compact bone consists of many _____ packed beside one another?
A
osteons
25
The osteons are made up of concentric rings called ______?
lamella: 1 singular
lamellae: 2+ plural
26
At the center of each osteon is a _____?
Central canal/haversian canal
27
What does the central canal/haversian canal in the ostoen contain?
blood vessels and nerves that travel through compact bone
28
At the base of the individual osteons are _____ which are empty spaces that allow blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves to travel across bone, linking up with the vessels and nerves in the central canals?
perforating canals/Volkmann's canals
29
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells that secret and maintain the bone mineral and collagen fibers
30
Where do you find osteocytes in osteons?
Osteocytes are found in a hollowed out chamber called lacuna-s/lacunae-p which are black dots that line lamellae rings
31
Each osteocyte has branchlike projections that stick out and connect to other projections from other osteocytes are in little tunnels called ______?
canaliculi: plural
canaliculum: singular
32
Bones are covered with a layer of irregular dense connective tissue proper called _____?
periosteum
33
Long ones have a hollow interior that is lined with a layer of irregular dense connective tissue proper called ______?
endosteum
34
The outer layer of all bones is _____ bone, but the interior is always ______ bone?
Compact bone and spongy bone
35
Long bones have a hollow cavity in their center called the ______?
Medullary cavity
36
What is the medullary cavity of long bones filled with?
bone marrow (red and yellow depending on age)
37
Spongy bone is made up of thin columns of bone called ____?
trabeculae
38
Trabeculae of spongy bone are made up of concentric rings of ______?
lamellae like osteons in compact bone
39
Trabeculae of spongy bone also has osteocytes in lacunae on the edges of lamella and also have projections called _____, like (osteons)
canaliculi
40
Trabeculae of spongy bone does not have a _____ unlike osteons?
central cannal/haversian canal
41
What are the 4 things to know about osteons?
1. They are made up of rings of lamellae.
2. Osteocytes in lacunae occur on lamellae edges.
3. Canaliculi connect lacunae of adjacent lamellae and hold osteocyte cellular projections.
4. They have a central canal through which blood vessels and nerves travel.
42
What are the 4 things to know about compact bone?
1. Compact bone is made up of osteons packed together.
2. Compact bone makes up the outer edges of most bones.
3. Surrounded on the exterior by periosteum, an irregular dense connective tissue proper.
4. Blood vessels travel through compact bone through the central canals of osteons and through perforating canals between the end of one osteon and the start of the next below it.
43
What are the 4 things to know about spongy bone?
1. Spongy bone is found in the interior of all bones
2. Spongy bone is made of trabeculae, which are osteon-like projections in a web-like arrangement.
3. Trabeculae have lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, but no central canal.
4. Long bones (but not other bones) have a hollow center and the spongy bone before this hollow center are lined with an irregular dense connective tissue proper layer called endosteum.
5. Blood vessels travel through the spaces in spongy bone.
44
What is a process?
Any kind of shape on a bone
45
What is a tuberosity on the bone?
A large rounded projections may be roughened
46
What is a trochanter on the bone?
A very large blunt, irregularly shaped process
47
What is the only ex. of a trochanter?
on the femur
48
What is a epicondyle on the bone?
The raised area above or on a condyle
49
What is the head on the bone?
The bony expansion carries on a narrow neck
50
What is the meatus on the bone?
Canal like passageway (ear hole in skull)
51
What is the fossa on the bone?
A shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
52
What is the foramen in the bone?
A round or oval opening through a bone
53
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx
54
What 3 vertebrae that make the vertebral column?
cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae
55
How many bones make up the cervical vertebrae?
7
56
How many bones make up the thoracic vertebrae?
12
57
How many bones make up the lumbar vertebrae?
5
58
Describe the shape of C3-C7 vertebrae bones?
Just spinous process
59
Describe the shape of T1-T12 vertebrae bones?
Spinous process + 2 transverse processes
60
Describe the shape of L1-L5 vertebrae bones?
Spinous process + 2 transverse proceses + 2 articular processes
61
C1 vertebrae bone is also known as _____?
Atlas
62
What is C1 vertebrae bone purpose?
It carries the skull
63
C2 vertebrae bone is also known as _____?
Axis
64
What is C2 vertebrae bone purpose?
It turns the neck
65
How would you describe both C1 and C2 vertebrae bones?
Both lack vertebral bodies and have small spinal processes (rest of cervical vertebrae have body and distinct spinal process)
66
What bone in the vertebral column forms from five fused vertebrae?
Sacrum
67
What age does the sacrum start fusing and complete fusing?
16 yrs starts and 35 yrs completed
68
What is often referred to as the tailbone and form from three to five semi fused vertebrae?
Coccyx
69
What are the three main parts of the sternum?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
70
What part of the column starts out cartilage and converts to bone in adulthood?
xiphoid process
71
How many ribs are there?
12
72
Why are some ribs considered true ribs?
They have their own cartilage connection to the sternum
73
Why are so ribs considered false ribs?
They do not have their own connection to the sternum and connects to rib 7
74
Why are rib 11 and 12 considered floating ribs?
Because they have no cartilage
75
How many true ribs are there
7
76
How many false ribs are there?
5
77
How many floating false ribs are there?
2
78
Which end of the rib connects to the vertebrae?
the acromial end head (bumpy end)
79
Which end of the rib connects cartilage to sternum?
The sternal end/extremity (smooth/circular)
80
What does the pectoral (shoulder) girdle consist of?
Clavicle and Scapula
81
What is another name for the clavicle?
Collar bone
82
What is another name for he shoulder blade?
Shoulder blade
83
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
the 2 coxal bones
84
What makes up the entire pelvis structure?
Coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
85
Each coxal bone is formed from the fusion of what 3 bones?
Illium, ishium, and pubis
86
What age do the three bones that make up each coxal bone grow together eliminating cartilage?
by 25
87
What is the hole at the bottom of the coxal bone?
the oburator foramen
88
What is the hole or place where the femur bone sits in the coxal bone?
acetabulum
89
What is the rough spot called where the coxal bone connects to the sacrum?
sacroiliac joint
90
pelvis means?
bowl
91
What are the 2 key difference between male and female pelvis bones?
the pubic arch and the pelvic inlet and outlet
92
Males have a ___degree pubic arch and females have a ___degree pubic arch?
60 degree and 90 degree
93
What is the longest bone in the body?
femur
94
A femur has a prominent ball on the top that is called the _____?
head
95
The prominent ball on the top of a femur called the head is attached to the ___ of the femur?
neck
96
And after the neck of the femur there are 2 rough process called the what?
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
97
The higher rough process below the neck of the the femur, lateral the body is the ____ trochanter?
greater
98
The lower rough process below the neck of the femur, medial the body is _____ trochanter?
lesser
99
At the bottom of the femur there are 2 processes sticking out at the end, they are called?
the medial epicondyle and the lateral epicondyle
100
Which epicondyle at the bottom of the femur is medial?
medial epicondyle
101
Which epicondyle at the bottom of the femur is lateral?
lateral epicondyle
102
What is the smooth surface on the femur anterior between the two epicondyles is the what?
patellar surface
103
On the posterior or backside of the femur between the 2 epicondyles is a groove called the what?
intercondylar fossa
104
What is the knee cap bone?
patella
105
What is the shin bone?
tibia
106
On the anterior side of the tibia is a prominent ridge called the?
anterior border
107
On the bottom of the tibia there is a part that points medial toward the big toe what is this called?
medial malleolus
108
On the fibula the roundish end on the top is the what?
head
109
The anterior side of the fibula has a prominent ridge called the what?
anterior border
110
The pointy end of the fibula is bottom and forms the lateral ankle bone is called what?
lateral malleolus
111
What are the 5 foot bones?
phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, calcareous, and talus
112
The hook like or curved process located on the anterior side of the scapula and points lateral the body is what?
coracoid process
113
The process on the posterior side of scapula that connects to the spine and is almost like a ridge that extends from lateral top to medial is what?
acromial process
114
What is the roundish cavity on the scapula where the head of the humerus rests lateral the body (socket for humerus) ?
glenoid cavity
115
The upper arm is also called the what?
brachium
116
The forearm is also called the what?
antebrachium
117
The hand is also called the what?
carpus
118
What is the prominent ball on the top of the humerus that articulates with "socket" of glenoid cavity and points medially?
head
119
Lateral the head of the humerus at the top is 2 tubercles called what?
greater tubercle and lower tubercle
120
What is the higher tubercle on the humerus?
greater tubercle
121
What is the lower tubercle on the humerus?
lower tubercle
122
On the humerus at the bottom inferior there are 2 epicondlyes called what?
Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle
123
Which epicondyle on the bottom of the humerus is lateral?
Lateral epicondyle
124
Which epicondyle on the bottom of the humerus is medial?
Medial epicondyle
125
On the humerus what is the central hinge the main forearm bone (ulna) swings on and is at the very bottom of the bone below both the fossa(holes)?
trochlea
126
On the bottom of the humerus what is the smallish hole called that is always anterior?
cornoid fossa
127
On the bottom of the humerus what is the largish hole called that is always posterior?
olecranon fossa
128
On the ulna the top has a c shaped hook what is it called the what?
trochlear notch
129
What is the very top part of the ulna called (not the hook part)?
olecranon process
130
What is the flattened disk on the ulna at the bottom of the "u" on lateral side?
radial notch
131
On the radius the top is smaller circle and is called the what?
head
132
On the radius anterior there is a bump below the head that is medial and is called what?
radial tuberosity
133
On the radius the bottom has a side that is lower than the other side and points toward the thumb and it is called the what?
styloid process
134
What is the ulna and radius joined by?
interosseous membrane
135
What are the short bones of the wrist called?
the carpals
136
What are the long bones in the palm called?
metacarpals
137
What are the long bones of the finger and thumb called?
phalanges
138
The thumb only has ___ phalanges and the fingers all have ___ phalanges?
2 and 3
139
What is muscle origin?
Muscle origin is the point of attachment on the bone that is not moved when the muscle contracts
140
What is muscle insertion?
Muscle insertion is the point of attachment on the bone that is moved when the muscle contracts
141
What is flexion?
is a muscle-controlled movement that decreases the angle of the joint, brings the two bones closer, along the sagittal plane, when the muscle is contracted.
142
What is extension?
is a muscle-controlled movement that increases the angle of the joint, moves the two bones farther apart, along the sagittal plane when the muscle is contracted.
143
What is abduction?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a limb away from the center of the body along the frontal plane when the muscle is contracted.
144
What is adduction?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a limb toward the center of the body along the frontal plane when the muscle is contracted.
145
What is pronation?
is a muscle-controlled movement of the arm that moves the palm of the hand from upwards-facing to downwards-facing when the muscle is contracted.
146
What is supination?
is a muscle-controlled movement of the arm that moves the palm from downwards-facing to upwards-facing when the muscle is contracted (anatomical position)
147
What is a major muscle?
in a pair of muscles with the same name, the larger is designated major (even if it is lower than or behind the other).
148
What is a minor muscle?
in a pair of muscles with the same name, the smaller is designated minor (even if it is higher than or above the other).
149
What is depression?
is a muscle controlled movement that moves a body part down when the muscle is contracted.
150
What is levation?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a body part up when the muscle is contracted.
151
What is tension?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a body part to tense or become firm when the muscle is contracted.
152
What is rotation?
is a muscle-controlled movement that rotates a body part when the muscle is contracted.
153
What is the muscle on top of the buccinator?
risorius
154
What is the muscles on the front of the side of the neck?
platysma
155
What is the muscle that comes down from the head down the side of the neck?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
156
What are the 3 trunk muscle posterior and anterior?
Trapezius, deltoid, and latissimus dorsi
157
What is the muscle directly on your peck?
pectoralis major
158
What are the 3 layers on abdominal muscles and aponeuroses?
external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
159
What is the muscle directly below the pectoralis majors at looks kinda like ribs?
serratus anterior
160
What is the muscle that is lateral the pectoralis major and is like a little sliver near the arm pits?
lattissimus dorsi
161
What is the most outer layer on abdominal muscle that is lateral the body?
external oblique
162
What is the middle layer of the abdominal muscles that forms the "6 pack"?
rectus abdominus
163
What is the middle layer of abdominal muscles that forms the sides of the abdomen and are lateral the body?
internal obliques
164
What is the most innermost/deep layer of the abdominal muscles and is also lateral the body?
transversus abdominus
165
What is the muscle at the top of the shoulder that is shaped like a triangle?
deltoid
166
Where is the origin of the deltoid?
on clavicle and scapula
167
Where does the deltoid insert?
at the deltoid tuberosity of humerus
168
What can the deltoid do?
flex arm, extend arm, rotate arm, and adduct arm
169
What are the 4 muscles that forms a cuff around the top of the humerus bone and allow it to rotate within the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres major
subscapularis
170
Which muscle sits on the anterior side of the scapula?
supraspinatus
171
Which muscle sits on the posterior side of the scapula?
infraspinatus
172
What are the 3 muscles that make up the upper arm?
Biceps branchii, brachialis, and triceps brachii
173
What are the 4 forearm muscles?
flexor carpi radialis, branchioradialis, extensor digitorum, and flexor carpi ulnaris
174
Where does the flexor carpi radialis insert?
on posterior side of arm, radius (thumb) side on 1st and 2nd fingers
175
What is the largest buttocks muscle?
gluteus maximus
176
What is the smaller buttocks muscle above the gluteus maximus?
gluteus medius
177
What buttocks muscle is not visible and is deep the gluteus maximus?
gluteus minimus
178
What are the 4 major regions of the brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
179
The cerebrum is divided into what 2 paired hemispheres?
left and right hemispheres
180
The 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the _____ ?
corpus callosum
181
The cerebrum is divided into what 6 major lobes ?
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
182
The diencephalon is divided into what 3 parts?
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
183
What does the hypothalamus do?
regulates body temperature, food intake, and thirst.
184
What hangs down from the hypothalamus?
pituitary gland
185
What is the pineal glands job?
produces melatonin, which helps regulate the sleep/wake cycle
186
What is the cerebellums job?
receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
187
The tree like white matter inside the cerebellum is called what?
arbor vitae
188
What 3 sections makes up the brain stem?
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
189
What is the job of the brainstem?
It has many basic vital functions, including regulation of heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating.
190
The brain is surrounded by 3 layers of connective tissue wrappers called what?
meninges
191
What are the 3 meninges that surrounds the brain?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
192
What are the main parts of the spinal cord?
white mater, gray mater, central canal, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, and ventral root
193
The central darker nervous tissue in the spinal cord is called?
gray matter
194
The surrounding lighter nervous tissue in the spinal cord is called?
white matter
195
What is gray matter made up of?
neuroglia cells and neuron cell bodies
196
What is white matter made up of?
neuron axons
197
What is the central canal in the spinal cord?
a narrow hollow center to the spinal cord that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
198
The branches coming off on the back/dorsal sides of the spinal cord are called the _____?
dorsal roots
199
The branches coming off on the front.ventral sides of the spinal cord are called the _____?
ventral roots
200
Like the brain the spinal cord is wrapped in three layers of connective tissue collectively called the _____?
meninges
