Lab final review Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
___ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.
Permeability
Space yield
Porosity
Saturation index
A
porosity
2
Q
_____controls the ease (or difficulty) of groundwater transmission through a porous material.
Potability
Portability
Pernneosity
Permeability
A
permeability
3
Q
1:24000 - represents same unit of measurement on the map 1 in = 24,000 mi: a fraction
ratio scale
verbal scale
A
ratio scale
4
Q
1 inch = 2000 feet; written in sentence format
ratio scale
verbal scale
A
verbal scale
5
Q
connect all points of equal elevation on the land surface
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
A
contour lines
6
Q
the difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
A
contour interval
7
Q
Which grid lines on a standard map are the vertical lines?
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
A
longitude grid lines
8
Q
Which grid lines on a standard map are the horizontal lines?
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
A
latitude grid lines
9
Q
The hatched contour lines show
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
A
a depression in the elevation.
10
Q
Close spaced contour lines
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
A
are steep slopes while
11
Q
Contour lines that are far apart
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
A
have a gentle slope
12
Q
The inner contour line
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
A
has the highest elevation
13
Q
At a __________ plate boundary new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other.
divergent
transform
convergent
A
divergent
14
Q
A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other.
divergent
transform
convergent
A
transform
15
Q
A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates collide into each other.
divergent
transform
convergent
A
convergent
16
Q
Areas where plates move toward each other and collide, causing uplift.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
A
convergent plate boundaries
17
Q
Areas where plates move away from each other, forming either mid oceanic ridges or rift valleys.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
A
divergent plate boundaries
18
Q
Areas where two plates grind past each other resulting in faults such as the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes often occur at fault lines.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
A
transform plate boundaries
19
Q
A __________ __________ is a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is pushed beneath a continental plate forming a trench. The oceanic crust melts resulting in the formation of volcanoes.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
A
subduction zone
20
Q
The Ring of Fire has formed a volcanic island chain in the Pacific Ocean. What has caused this to happen?
convergent plate boundary
divergent plate boundary
transform plate boundary
mantle hot spot
A
convergent plate boundary
21
Q
The San Andreas Fault in California is a __________ plate boundary.
convergent
divergent
transform
subduction zone
A
transform
22
Q
What two pieces of information would researchers need to have in order to calculate the rate of plate motion for seafloor spreading?
Time of sample and rift size
Distance from the rift and age of seafloor sample
Depth and rift size
Sample size and depth
A
Distance from the rift and age of seafloor sample
23
Q
Hanging wall moves down with gravity compared to footwall.
Reverse Fault
Normal Fault
Lateral Fault
A
Normal Fault
24
Q
Hanging wall moves up against gravity
Reverse Fault
Normal Fault
Lateral Fault
A
Reverse Fault
25
move horizontally past one another
Reverse Fault Blocks
Normal Fault Blocks
Lateral Fault Blocks
Lateral Fault Blocks
26
Folded mountains would most likely occur at
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
A convergent boundary
27
Type of stress that causes Folding
Shearing
Compression
Tension
COMPRESSION
28
Type of stress causing Lateral Fault
Shearing
Compression
Tension
SHEARING
29
Type of stress causing Reverse Fault
Shearing
Compression
Tension
COMPRESSION
30
Type of stress causing Normal Fault
Shearing
Compression
Tension
TENSION
31
Three types of Faults
Shearing, Compression, Tension
Normal, Reverse, Lateral
Normal, Reverse, Lateral
32
Three Types of Stress
Normal, Reverse, Lateral
Shearing, Compression, Tension
Shearing, Compression, Tension
33
Brittle means
shear
hard
fragile
bends
Fragile
34
Ductile means
shear
hard
fragile
bends
Bends
35
Hot will ___ rocks
Cold will ___ rocks
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
fold,fault
36
Great pressure will cause rocks to ___
Little pressure will cause rocks to ___
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
Fold, Fault
37
Quick Stress will cause rocks to ___
Slow Stress will cause rocks to ___
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
Fault, Fold
38
Brittle Rock will ___
Ductile Rock will ___
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
Fault, Fold
39
What is a Strike-Slip Fault?
results from SHEARING force pushing rocks past each other
results from TENSION force pushing rocks past each other
results from COMPRESSION force pushing rocks past each other
results from SHEARING force pushing rocks past each other
40
folds in the earth's crust that rise up like an arch
```
anticline
syncline
monocline
Dip
Strike
```
anticline
41
folds in the earth's crust that curve up like a valley
```
anticline
syncline
monocline
Dip
Strike
```
syncline
42
folds in the earth where the sides of each layer stays flat, but the middle is bent.
```
anticline
syncline
monocline
Dip
Strike
```
monocline
43
The angle between a tilted surface and a horizontal plane
```
anticline
syncline
monocline
Dip
Strike
```
Dip
44
The compass orientation of the line of intersection between horizontal plane and a planar feature, such as a rock layer or fault
```
anticline
syncline
monocline
Dip
Strike
```
Strike
45
A map that shows the shape of the ground surface, as well as the location and elevation of surface features, usually by means of contour lines
Thomas Guide
Atlas
Street Map
Topographic map
Topographic map
46
A strike slip fault that appears to be moving to the left to an observer standing on either block.
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Left lateral
47
A strike slip fault that appears to be moving to the right tune observer standing on either block.
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Right lateral
48
The structure caused by the up warping of strata
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Domes
49
The structure caused by the downwarping of strata
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Basins
50
___ is used to calculate distance to earthquake
Surface waves + love waves
S - P
X+Y
Z-P
S - P
51
seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion
Surface waves
Love waves
S waves (secondary waves)
P waves (Primary waves)
P waves (Primary waves)
52
The point on the surface directly above the focus is called the _______________.
inertial point
epicenter
focus
seismic zone
epicenter
53
What type of data do geologists use to locate an earthquake's epicenter?
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the Love waves and S waves.
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and Surface waves.
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and S waves
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the Love waves and Surface waves.
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and S waves
54
A principle holding that sedimentary rocks in a vertical sequence formed one on top of the other so that the oldest layer is at the bottom of the sequence and the youngest is at the top
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition
55
A principle holding that sediments are deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Principle of Original Horizontality
56
A principle holding that inclusions or fragments in a rock unit are older than the rock itself- for example, granite inclusions in a sandstone are older than the sandstone
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Inclusions
57
A principle holding that rock layers extend outward in all directions until they terminate
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Lateral Continuity
58
A principle holding that a fault or an igneous intrusion must be younger than the rocks it intrudes or cuts across
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
59
A principle holding that fossils, especially groups or assemblages of fossils, succeed one another through time in a regular and determined order
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
60
Radiometric Dating and Radiocarbon Dating are used to
calculate
Absolute dating
Absolute Age
Absolute Age
61
Comparing the percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope.
RATIO = Parent Isotopes : Daughter Isotopes
is used in
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
Radiometric Dating
62
Dates organic material using the known rate of decay of Carbon-14. Useful for materials less than 45,000 years old.
Determine ratio of 14C : 12C in remains and compare to the ratio of 14C : 12 C in a living organism.
Age = Living 14C : 12C - Dead 14C : 12C
is used in
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
Radiocarbon dating
63
A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
Absolute dating
64
___ is the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
radiometric dating
65
___ is used to date charcoal, bones, shells
Absolute
Radiocarbon
Radiometric
radiocarbon
66
# Define mass wasting.
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
67
What are the 4 types of mass movements?
Falls, Slides, Flows, Creep
Jumps, kicks,cartwheels, wheelies
Falls, Slides, Flows, Creep
68
What are "falls"?
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Material moves freely through the air. Usually steep slopes. (Example - rocks falls covering a road with large rocks)
69
What are slides?
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
70
What causes a slide to occur?
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
71
What is a slump?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
72
What is a flow?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
73
What is solifluction? What type of mass movement is this?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
74
What type of mass movement causes the most economic damage?
Falls
Slides
Flows
Creep
CREEP
75
What is creep? A sign would be?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity. Materials expand due to freezing. The materials move down slope slightly (gravity) when the particles that and contract.
Recognized by curved trees and/or angled fences
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity. Materials expand due to freezing. The materials move down slope slightly (gravity) when the particles that and contract.
Recognized by curved trees and/or angled fences
76
Which one of the following is determined by the angle of repose for dry sand?
Inclination angle of a dune slip face .
77
What is the angle of repose for dry sand?
27 degrees
75 degrees
45 degrees
65 degrees
45 degrees
78
A type of ground failure characterized by nearly vertical deformation, or the downward sinking of earth materials
.Inclination
angle
Subsidence
Subsidence
79
What is subsidence?
movement along a curved surface.
A sinking of the ground surface.
Inclination angle of a dune slip face .
A sinking of the ground surface.
80
How is subsidence related to other hazards?
Landslides (permafrost thawing),
81
Subsidence is associated with the dissolution of what three types or rocks?
Limestone, marble, gypsum
Diamond, garnet, sedimentary
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary
Limestone, marble, gypsum
82
The slope of a stream bed measured at some point along its course is the
a. base level
b. floodplain
c. stream gradient
d. thalweg
c. stream gradient
83
The stream gradient of most rivers
a. is greater near the source than near the mouth
b. is greater near the mouth than near the source
c. does not change significantly as the river flows downstream
d. is greater for a meandering stream than for any other type
a. is greater near the source than near the mouth
84
All else being equal, water will flow faster in a stream that has a
a. steep stream gradient
b. gentle stream gradient
a. steep stream gradient
85
What is a stream gradient?
a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer
the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity
a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer
86
Calculate stream gradient
Gradient = difference in elevation between points A:B(ft)/horizontal distance between points A:B(mi)
10ft/2.7mi=3.7 ft/mi
87
What is a stream discharge?
volume of water passing a fixed reference point per unit time this is a volumetric variable and is expressed cubic meters/sec or cubic feet/sec
Discharge=velocity x volume
a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer
volume of water passing a fixed reference point per unit time this is a volumetric variable and is expressed cubic meters/sec or cubic feet/sec
88
How is stream discharge or flow measured?
the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity D=VELOCITY X VOLUME
the volume of water moving through a channel over a given time interval (the amount passing a given point in a given amount of time) ex. Q quantity = V velocity x A cross-sectional area (ft 2)
the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity
89
How to calculate hydraulic gradient?
high to low pressure areas
the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation
the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation
90
Groundwater flows from __________.
high to low pressure areas
low to high pressure areas
high to low pressure areas
91
Which of the following is true regarding groundwater as you move deeper below the surface?
Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales
Groundwater moves over smaller distances, over smaller timescales
Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales
92
Groundwater migrates from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure.
true
false
false
93
Which rock is best suited for radiometric dating?
pyrite
bauxite
granite
calcite
granite
94
The Principle of ________ states that organisms succeed one another in a definite, determinable order that can be used to recognize a specific time period.
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Fossil succession
95
If a rock contains ten different kinds of fossils, which of the following must be true?
That period of time was rough
They all died within 5 years of each other
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
96
How is the geologic time scale related to the fossil record?
The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.
Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.
97
What is correlation?
The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.
Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
98
What is the definition of relative dating?
Putting events in order from first to last
Putting events in order from last to first
Putting events in order from first to last
99
What groundwater feature forms where the water table intersects with the Earth's surface, creating a natural outflow of groundwater?
spring
100
The majority of groundwater is stored within
```
glaciers
rivers
lakes
pore spaces between rocks and sediments
the zone of saturation
```
the zone of saturation
101
In terms of freshwater storage, groundwater is second only to which of the following sources?
glaciers
102
What percentage of Earth's liquid freshwater ( drinking water) is in the form of groundwater?
94%
103
Worldwide, the largest percentage of freshwater readily available to humans is stored in _______.
glaciers
rivers
lakes
pore spaces between rocks and sediments
pore spaces between rocks and sediments
104
What percentage of Earths water is in the form of groundwater?
0.62%
105
Stream Gradient (slope of the stream)
Gradient = vertical change / horizontal change
example:1000 m/500 km = 2 m/km
-Gradients variable steeper in upper parts and gentler in lower parts
Gradient= Rise/Run
10ft/2.7mi=3.7 ft/mi
106
holes in the ground people drill to obtain water (or monitor for preservation purposes)
- Basically pipes
- Monitor water level table for preservation purposes and use for drinking
Wells
aquifers
freshwater
Wells
107
What is artesian well?
wells hydrologists drill into the confined aquifers to tap onto springs. Used for irrigation purposes or drinking water.
108
drill into confined aquifer when drill water comes out as fountain because it is under pressure bc it is the confined aquifers
-Don't have to pump it out because it is under pressure
Springs
Wells
aquifers
freshwater
Freshwater
109
the volume of the water passing through an imaginary cross section of the stream per time.
To calculate the discharge we need to know:
D= velocity x volume
discharge
gradient
flow
Discharge
110
- mountainous areas
- flows down valley from an accumulation center at its head
Valley (alpine) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers
Valley (alpine) glaciers
111
-larger scale
-flow outward from thickest part of sheet
two ice sheets: Greenland and Antarctica
Valley (alpine) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers
112
**Name/give examples of continental glaciers in the Southern (Northern) hemisphere?
Continental glaciers in southern= Antarctica
| Northern = Greenland
113
a thin ridge formed by the headward erosion of two cirques (on opposite sides of a ridge).
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
Aretes
114
steep-walled pyramidal peaks.
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
Horns
115
bowl-shaped depressions that form at the upper end of glacial troughs.
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
Cirques
116
```
An ________________ is an underground rock formation that holds water
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
```
aquifer
117
depth at circular orbital motion becomes small
```
Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
```
Wave Base
118
Vertical distance between a crest and a trough
```
Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
```
Wave height
119
Horizontal distance between any two corresponding points on successive waveforms.
```
Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
```
Wavelength
120
alternate low parts
```
Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
```
Troughs
121
A succession of high parts of the waves
```
Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
```
Crest
122
When does a deep-water wave become a shallow-water wave?
When the wavelength is about one-half the water depth
When the wavelength is about twice the water depth
When the wave period is greater than one-half the water depth
When the wave period is greater than twice the water depth
When the wavelength is about twice the water depth
123
________ is the distance from "crest to crest" or "trough to trough". It uses the greek symbol "lambda": λ
```
Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
```
Wavelength
124
What happens to the water particles near the surface when a wave passes by?
The water particle moves in circle.
Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.
Wave height decreases and wavelength increases.
The water particle moves in circle.
125
As a wave approaches shore, what happens to wave height and wavelength?
The water particle moves in circle.
Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.
Wave height decreases and wavelength increases.
Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.
126
Underwater ridge of sand
Rip current
Sandbar
Sandbar
127
Rapid rush of water out to the sea.
Rip current
Sandbar
Rip current
128
```
Hills of wind blown sand covered with plants.
aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes
```
Dunes
129
A long ridge of sand located in areas where much cliff erosion occurs. Occasionally, the buildup of sand prevents entrance to harbours
aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes
Spit
130
When a spit (long ridge of sand) joins an island with the mainland.
aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes
Tombolo
131
A flat area of rock in front of a cliff created by cliff retreat. It forms after destructive waves hits against the cliff face, causing undercutting between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of erosion.
```
sea cliff
wave-cut platform
sea caves
sea arches
sea stacks
```
Wave Cut Platform
132
is a process responsible for moving significant amounts of sediment along the coast. This usually occurs in one direction as dictated by the prevailing wind.
The zig zag motion of sediment along the coastline
rip tide
longshore sediment
Long Shore Drift
Long Shore Drift
133
List coastal landforms created by erosion
sea cliff, wave-cut platform, sea caves, sea arches, and sea stacks
134
List coastal landforms created by deposition
beach, sandbar, barrier island
135
an underwater or exposed ridge of sand, gravel, or shell material
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
Sandbar
136
a long narrow island, usually made of sand
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
Barrier island
137
What can be used to slow down the erosion of a barrier island?
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
sandbar
138
the area of shoreline that is made up of material deposited by waves and currents
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
Beach
139
What happens when sand moves down a beach?
the upcurrent end of the beach is built up while the down current end of the beach is eroded
the upcurrent end of the beach is eroded while the down current end of the beach is built up
the upcurrent end of the beach is eroded while the down current end of the beach is built up
140
What forces shape a shoreline?
Longshore
Rip
Flood
Refracted
longshore currents
141
Longshore currents
are deep ocean currents
are caused by changes in salinity
flow in a direction parallel to the shoreline
are responsible for most erosional features
flow in a direction parallel to the shoreline
142
What type of hard stabilization structure is designed to keep tidal inlets from shifting location or filling with sand?
Groins
Breakwaters
Seawalls
Jetties
jetties
143
barriers built parallel to coast out in water in higher energy environments. the barrier causes waves to break offshore, reducing the energy felt onshore and creating a calmer environment behind them. made from massive stone blocks or concrete cells.
Groins
Breakwaters
Seawalls
Jetties
breakwaters
144
shore-perpendicular barriers designed to capture longshore drift. their purpose is to slow beach erosion and/or create a sediment budget somewhere to build out a beach. constructed from stone blocks, concrete, steel, or timber.
Groins
Breakwaters
Seawalls
Jetties
groins
145
groins are usually built in groups
groin fields
146
characteristic U-shaped, straighter than stream formed valleys (degradational)
hanging valley
glacial valley
glacial valley
147
a side or tributary valley, evidence of a tributary glacier (degradational)
hanging valley
glacial valley
hanging valley
148
a small lake which forms/collects in a cirque basin behind the lip (mountain)
tarn
kettle lake
arete
cirque
tarn
149
snow accumulates to a great thickness
zone of ablation
zone of accumulation
zone of accumulation
150
the area where eroded material is deposited
zone of ablation
zone of accumulation
zone of ablation
151
a glacier freezes onto rock outcrops, when the ice moves it pulls away the mass of rock and creates a jagged landscape
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
plucking
152
a linear accumulation of material extending down the centre of a glacier; it is caused by merging of two lateral moraines from the point at which the glaciers unite
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
medial moraine
153
Ridge of till along edge of a valley glacier. Composed largely of material fallen to the glacier from valley walls
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
lateral moraine
154
- larger masses of ice which move down from either an icefield or a cirque basin
- usually follow former river courses and are bound by steep sides
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
Alpine (valley) glacier
155
A glacier of considerable thickness that covers a large part of a continent or an area of at least 20,000 square miles, and obscures the topography of the underlying surface. Also known as an ice sheet
Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier
Continental Glacier
156
A continental glacier is __________.
a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography
forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography
a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography
157
What is the name of large rocks transported from a distant source by a glacier?
boulders
erratics
till
basal
erratics
158
When a glacier deposits till in the form of a ridge, __________.
a basal slip forms
a baymouth bar forms
a moraine forms
a kettle lake forms
a moraine forms
159
An alpine glacier __________.
a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography
forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography
forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography
160
__________ is the process by which a glacier slides due to ice melting at its base.
basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake
basal slip
161
A sandbar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it of from the main body of water.
basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake
baymouth bar
162
Area beyond the snowline where snow from the previous winter melts along with some of the glacial ice.
zone of ablation
zone of accumulation
zone of ablation(wastage)
163
A chain of small lakes in a glacial trough that occupy basins created by glacial erosion.
basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake
Paternoster Lakes
164
What are the depositional features produced by continental glaciers?
Moraines are layers of ridges of till.
KETTLE holes are depressions created when blocks of ice became lodged in glacial deposits and subsequently melt.
KAMES are steep-sided hills that are composed of sand and gravel.
All of these
All of these
165
- depositional
- continental
kettle lake
arete
kettle lake
166
- erosional
- alpine
kettle lake
arete
arete
167
- erosional
- alpine
fjord
cirque
cirque
168
- erosional
- alpine
- continental: fjords often form where continental glaciers run out to sea, but they only form if the terrain is mountainous enough for these valleys to be carved. for example, the coast of Alaska or Norway
fjord
cirque
fjord
169
- erosional
- alpine
hanging valley
lateral moraine
hanging valley
170
- erosional
- alpine
lateral moraine
horn
horn
171
- depositional
- alpine
lateral moraine
horn
lateral moraine
172
- depositional
- alpine: small outwash plain features can form in association with alpine glaciers, but they are primarily a feature of continental glaciation
- continental
tarn
outwash plain
outwash plain
173
- depositional
- alpine
- continental
tarn
recessional moraine
recessional moraine
174
- erosional
- alpine
terminal moraine
tarn
tarn
175
- depositional
- alpine
- continental
terminal moraine
tarn
terminal moraine
176
- erosional
- alpine
terminal moraine
U-shaped valley
U-shaped valley
177
unconfined glaciers are also known as...
Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier
Continental Glacier (not confined by mountains)
178
confined glaciers are also known as...
Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier
Alpine (valley) Glacier(enclosed by mountains)
179
types of reservoirs
igneous, metamorphic, granite
sedimentary rocks, sandstones and limestone
sedimentary rocks, sandstones and limestone
180
properties of reservoirs
shale and slate
permeable and porous like aquifers
permeable and porous like aquifers
181
a permeable rock containing oil and gas, such as well-sorted sandstones and highly fractured or porous limestones. They continue to migrate upward until they are trapped by an impermeable cap rock or reach the surface as an oil seep.
shale
schist
reservoir rocks
reservoir rocks
182
The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is a(n)
seismograph
seismogram
time-travel graph
epigraph
Seismograms
183
Backwash always flows
perpendicular to the slope of the shoreline
in a zigzag pattern
at the wave's angle of approach
toward a rip current
perpendicular to the slope of the shoreline
184
Which is NOT true of emergent coastlines?
they are often in regions being uplifted
the have very wide continental shelves
their coastlines are dominated by erosional features
they are typical of active margins
the have very wide continental shelves
185
Which is NOT true of submergent coastlines?
their shorelines are dominated by erosional features
they are typical of passive margins
their continental shelves relatively wide
land along the coast has subsided below sea level
their coastlines are dominated by erosional features
186
A longshore current will deposit sediment when
its energy increases
its energy decreases
its flow is disrupted by turbulence
there is a flood tide
its energy decreases
187
Which of the following is the definition of a shoreline?
the total area of interaction between land and sea
the area of land between the highest and lowest possible water levels
the area covered by high tide
any area covered by sand
the area of land between the highest and lowest possible water levels
188
The depth beneath the glacier's surface at which ice begins to take on plastic properties is
50 ft
150 ft
500 ft
1,000 ft
150 ft
189
A shared characteristic of most glacial deposits is that they are
extremely fine-grained
poorly sorted
very thick
found only in cold climates
poorly sorted
190
the process by which a solid may convert to a gas without going through a liquid phase is called
solifluction
calving
sublimation
recrystallization
sublimation
191
most glacial deposits are composed of
till
firn
stratified drift
erratics
till
192
which of the moraines listed below is NOT characteristic of continental glaciation?
lateral moraine
ground moraine
terminal moraine
recessional moraine
lateral moraine
193
a glacier appears to advance when
there is more mass accumulating than is being lost
there is more mass lost than accumulating
when the amount of mass accumulating and being is the same
when there has been no accumulation or loss for several years
there is more mass accumulating than is being lost
194
an esker forms when
an internal stream in the glacier drops sediment
a glacier plucks blocks from one side of a rock body and polishes the other
the glacier retreats, stops, then resumes it retreat
two cirques meet
an internal stream in the glacier drops sediment
195
an esker differs from a moraine in that
it is deposited as a glacier retreats
it is sinuous and composed of stratified drift
it is poorly sorted deposit
an esker is the result of an erosional process
it is sinuous and composed of stratified drift
196
the organic matter or hydrocarbon raw material is derived primarily from
dinosaurs
ancient swamps
mammoths and mastodons
microscopic marine and aquatic organisms
microscopic marine and aquatic organisms
197
during the petroleum formation process the organic matter is preserved in an
oxygenated environment with an influx of fine sediment
oxygenated environment with an influx no fine sediment
oxygen-deficient environment with an influx of fine sediment
oxygen-deficient environment with an influx no fine sediment
oxygen-deficient environment with an influx of fine sediment
198
of the following, the best petroleum reservoir rock would be
a massive granite
a banded gneiss
a massive siltstone
a poorly cemented sandstone
a poorly cemented sandstone
199
a sedimentary rock that frequently acts as a caprock is
limestone
gypsum
sandstone
shale
shale
200
a sedimentary rock that often contains large amounts of oil but is not a reservoir rock is
granite
gypsum
sandstone
shale
shale
201
a solid substance found in sedimentary rocks and thought to be a precursor to oil is
coal
kerogen
natural gas
shale
kerogen
202
if a reservoir rock contains water, the oil and natural gas will
react with the water to form carbonate
disperse
be trapped beneath the water in the reservoir rock
rise above the water to the top of the reservoir rock
rise above the water to the top of the reservoir rock
203
___ is when a reservoir rock terminates by tapering off between two layers of impermeable rock
isopach
kerogen
a pinch out
a fold-related trap
a pinch out
204
the order in which fluids settle within a reservoir rock, from top to bottom, is
natural gas, oil, and water
oil, natural gas, and water
natural gas, water, and oil
water, natural gas, and oil
natural gas, oil, and water
205
structural traps are caused by
a change in the permeability of the reservoir rock
deformation of the rock strata
pinching out of the reservoir rock
a change in the density of the reservoir rock
deformation of the rock strata
206
examples of possible structural traps are
horizontal rock strata
pinch outs
angular unconformities and disconformities
folds and faults
folds and faults
207
which of the following is an example of stratigraphic trap?
an anticline
an angular unconformity overlaid by shale
a fault
horizontal rock strata
an angular unconformity overlaid by shale
208
the contours on an isopach map represent
thickness
elevation
depth
the direction of dip
thickness
209
elevations on a structure contour map are generally relative to
mean sea level
Earth's surface at the location
the average continental elevation
the nearest disconformity
mean sea level
210
which of the following does NOT give geologists data about subsurface structures?
surface exposures of promising rock structures
data from the previously drilled wells
x-ray technology
seismographic data
x-ray technology
211
if the data about a subsurface structure looks promising, the next step is to drill a
discovery well
dry hole
test well
producing well
test well
212
A structure contour map describes
Earth’s surface above a structure.
b. the top surface of a structure.
c. the thickness of a structure.
d. the bottom surface of a structure.
the top surface of a structure
213
Oil and natural gas formation require that organic material be exposed to which of the following?
a. lack of oxygen and low temperature.
b. lack of oxygen, pressure, and heat.
c. carbon dioxide, pressure, and heat.
d. high pressure and low temperature.
b. lack of oxygen, pressure, and heat
214
The volume of freshwater held beneath the earth’s surface constitutes as much as ____________ the freshwater contained in lakes, rivers, and streams.
a. 10 times
b. 20 times
c. 40 times
d. 80 times
c. 40 times
215
What percentage of precipitation falling on the land becomes surface water, or runoff, and flows to the sea in river and stream channels?
a. 10%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. 25%
d. 25%
216
An aquifer must be
a. porous and impermeable.
b. porous and permeable.
c. impermeable and nonporous.
d. just impermeable.
b. porous and permeable.
217
Of the following, the best aquifer would be
a. a well-sorted sand.
b. a well-cemented sandstone.
c. a siltstone or shale.
d. an igneous rock such as granite.
a. a well-sorted sand
218
A confined aquifer is always confined between
a. the water table and the earth’s surface.
b. two impermeable layers.
c. permeable layers.
d. a permeable layer and impermeable layer.
b. two impermeable layers.
219
The water table rises when
a. recharge and discharge are about equal.
b. discharge exceeds recharge.
c. recharge exceeds discharge.
d. more than one pump is located in the recharge area.
c. recharge exceeds discharge.
220
What factors affect the rate of groundwater flow?
a. the presence of industrial contamination
b. higher than usual rainfall or snowmelt
c. porosity and permeability of the aquitard and slope of the water table
d. porosity and permeability of the aquifer and slope of the water table
d. porosity and permeability of the aquifer and slope of the water table
221
Where do springs, swamps, and spring-fed lakes occur?
a. where the water table intersects with the surface
b. in the recharge area
c. only in the lower elevations
d. downslope of a stream
a. where the water table intersects with the surface
222
Streams deposit sediment
a. as they lose energy.
b. in order of size, smaller particles first.
c. when the suspended load exceeds the bed load.
d. by a & b.
a. as they lose energy.
223
Which of the following statements is true about a stream valley?
a. It forms through a combination of downcutting and mass wasting.
b. It forms only where the bedrock is relatively soft.
c. It is typically flat and wide where gradients are higher.
d. a & c
a. It forms through a combination of downcutting and mass wasting.
224
What relative dating principle states that in a sequence of sedimentary rocks, unless overturned, the oldest beds are at the bottom and the youngest beds are at the top?
a. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
b. Principle of Inclusion
c. Principle of Superposition
d. Principle of Original Horizontality
c. Principle of Superposition
225
What relative dating principle states that fossils in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers succeed one another in a definite, recognizable order?
a. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
b. Principle of Faunal Succession
c. Principle of Inclusion
d. Principle of Superposition
b. Principle of Faunal Succession
226
The Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships states that
a. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers.
b. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion.
c. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across.
d. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks.
c. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across.
227
The Principle of Lateral Continuity states
a. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers.
b. a layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin.
c. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion.
d. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks.
b. a layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin.
228
What type of unconformity appears between two parallel sedimentary layers?
a. a disconformity
b. a nonconformity
c. an angular unconformity
d. a sedimentary nonconformity
a. a disconformity
229
What type of unconformity appears between a sedimentary layer and an igneous or metamorphic rock body?
a. a disconformity
b. a nonconformity
c. an angular unconformity
d. a sedimentary nonconformity
b. a nonconformity
230
What type of unconformity appears between a tilted sedimentary strata and a horizontal overlying layer?
a. a disconformity
b. a nonconformity
c. an angular unconformity
d. a sedimentary nonconformity
c. an angular unconformity
231
If a sample of radioactive material contains a parent isotope with a half-life of 3 years, then at the end of 6 years
a. all of the parent isotope remains.
b. half of the parent isotope remains.
c. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains.
d. one-ninth of the parent isotope remains.
c. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains.
