Lab II: Survey of the Fishes Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of fish skull
A
- Bony jaws (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) with varied mobility
- Mouth mostly terminal with teeth
2
Q
Characteristics of fish skeleton
A
- More or less bony; many vertebrae
- Two set of paired ventral fins (pectoral and pelvic). Fin rays support fins (reduced in Sarcopterygians)
- One or two dorsal fins; one medial anal fin
- Caudal fin homocercal (symmetrical) or heterocercal (not symmetrical)
- Form bone by replacing cartilage (endochondral formation) or direct formation (dermal formation)
3
Q
Characteristics of integument of fish
A
- Mucous glands
- Most with bony dermal sacles: Placoid (extinct), ganoid (early fish groups - diamond shape), cycloid (overlap), ctenoid (overlap with spikes)
- Skin with pigmented cells (chromatophores)
4
Q
Characteristics of circulation and respiration
A
- Respiration by gills supported by bony gill arches and covered by operculum
- Swim bladder with or without duct attached (absent in Chondrichthyes)
- Two-chambered heart (arterial and venus systems)
- Four pairs of aortic arches carry blood through gills
- Nucleated RBCs
5
Q
Heat regulation
A
-Ecothermy: External means raise temperature (same temperature as external environment)
6
Q
Characteristics of sexes
A
- Separate
- Paired gonads
7
Q
Characteristics of nervous system
A
- Paired olfactory lobes and small cerebrum; large optic lobes and cerebellum; 3 pairs semicircular canals
- Vibration and pressure reception via a lateral line system (sensory hair cells with cilia detect vibration - gives info about water movement and pressure)
8
Q
Three body forms of fish
A
- Terete = Highly active, fast-swimming, streamlined
- Compressed = laterally flattened, still-water, structured habitats
- Bottom-dwellers = Depressed (dorso-ventrally), may be flat like a skate or ray. Eyes on top, mouth on bottom
- Variation in bony fish body forms
9
Q
Fish phylum and subphylum
A
- Phylum = chordata
- Subphylum = vertebrata
10
Q
Superclass Agnatha
A
- Lack jaws
- Endoskeletal support
- Bone and paired appendages lacking in living species
- E.g., hagfish and lampreys
11
Q
Superclass Gnathostomata
A
- Jaws derived from modern gill arches
- Paired appendages (usually)
12
Q
Class Placodermi
A
- Superclass Gnathostomata
- Jaws with no teeth, very bony skull
13
Q
Class Chondrichthyes
A
- Superclass Gnathostomata
- Cartilaginous fishes
14
Q
Subclass Holocephali
A
- Superclass Gnathostomata
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Chimaeras, ratfish
- Small, cold water fish
15
Q
Subclass Elasmobranchii
A
- Superclass gnathostomata
- Class chondrichthyes
- Sharks and rays
- Range in shape and size
- Often predaceous
16
Q
Class Acanthodii (extinct)
A
- Superclass gnathostomata
- Many paired appendages
17
Q
Grade Osteichthyes
A
- Bony fishes
18
Q
Class Sarcopterygii
A
- “Lobe-finned fishes”
19
Q
Subclass Coelacanthimorpha
A
- Grade Osteichthyes
- Class Sarcopterygii
- Large heavy marine fish
- Inhabit deep water populations (isolated)
- Fleshy appendage
- Pectoral and pelvic girdle
20
Q
Subclass Porolepimorpha and Dipnoi
A
- Grade Osteichthyes
- Class Sarcopterygii
- Lungfishes
- Use surface air for respiration in gas bladder (evolutionary precursor to tetrapod lung)
21
Q
Class Actinopterygii
A
- Ray-finned fishes
22
Q
Subclass Chondrostei
A
- Primitive ray-finned fishes
23
Q
Order Polypteriformes
A
- Class Actinopterygii
- Subclass Chondrostei
- Bichirs
- Long, scaley, eel-like, many dorsal fins
24
Q
Order Acipenseriformes
A
- Class Actinopterygii
- Subclass Chondrostei
- Sturgeon and paddlefish
- Pointed snout, heterocercal tail in sturgeon
25
Subclass Neopterygii, Order Amiiformes
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* Bowfish
* Large gular plate
26
Division Teleostei
* Higher bony fishes
* Lots of cranial ossification
* Cycloid or ctenoid scales
* Tail usually homocercal
* Swim bladder present at some point during development
27
Order Osteoglossiformes
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* Division teleostei
* Bony tongue
* Goldeye
* Large shiny eyes
28
Order Anguilliformes
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* Eels
* Snake-like
* Smaller scales than bichirs
* Single long dorsal fin
29
Order Clupeiformes
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* Division teleostei
* Herrings
* Big lower lip that exceeds upper lip
30
Superorder Ostariophysi
* Mostly freshwater
* Small bones connect air bladder with inner ear (**Weberian ossicles**)
31
Order Cypriniformes
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* Superorder Ostariophysi
* Minnows, carps, suckers
* One dorsal fin
* White sucker = fleshy lip, ventral mouth
32
Order Siluriformes
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* Superorder Ostariophysi
* Catfishes
* Stonecat in Alberta
* Whiskers on face, pectoral spine
33
Superorder Protacanthopterygii
* Salmoniformes - ancestral stock of more advanced teleosts
* Maxillary included in gape (mouth opening)
34
Order Esociformes
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* Mudminnow and northern pike
* Long body, pointed snout, many teeth
* Fins toward back
* One dorsal fin (at back of fish)
35
Order Salmoniformes
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* Salmon, trout, char, and whitefish
* Many anadromous (spawn in fresh water, grow to adulthood in marine habitats)
* Adipose dorsal fin
* One dorsal fin
36
Salmo trutta
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* Brown trout
37
Oncorhynchus mykiss
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* Rainbow trout
38
Salvelinus confluentus
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* Bull trout
39
Salvelinus fontinalis
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* Brook trout
40
Prosopium williamsoni
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* Mountain whitefish
41
Coregonus clupeaformis
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* Lake whitefish
42
Superorder Paracanthopterygii
* 2 dorsal fins
* Grouped by convergence, not common ancestry
43
Order Percopsiformes
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* Superorder Paracanthopterygii
* Trout, perch in Alberta
* Small dorsal fin (x2 - one very small in posterior)
44
Order Gadiformes
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* Superorder paracanthopterygii
* Cods, burbot in Alberta
* 2 dorsal fins (second is very long in burbot)
45
Superorder Acanthopterygii
* Spiny ray-finned fishes
* Refined feeding and locomotion structures (specialized feeding mechanisms)
* Very diverse
* Dominant in marine shallow habitats
46
Order Gasterosteiformes
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* Superorder Acanthopterygii
* Sea horses, pipefishes, stickleback (in Alberta)
47
Order Scorpaeniformes
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* Superorder Acanthopterygii
* Scorpionfishes, rockfishes, sculpin (in Alberta)
* Large spines
* Large, wide, gaping mouth
48
Order Perciformes
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* Superorder Acanthopterygii
* Largest vertebrate order
* Coral reef fishes, cichlids
* Perch, walleye in Alberta
* Walleye is more streamlined than perch; very spiny first dorsal fin
49
Order Pleuronectiformes
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* Superorder Acanthopterygii
* Flounders, soles
* Eyes on one side
