Lab Manual

Question 1

Dermal Tissue Cell Types

Answer 1

epidermal cells, covers entire body

Question 2

Vascular tissue cell types

Answer 2

xylem and phloem, continuous throughout plant

Question 3

Ground tissue cell types

Answer 3

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Between dermal and vascular tissue.

Question 4

Two Main plant systems and what they do

Answer 4

Shoot system- stems, leaves, photosynthesis,vegetative or reproductive

Root system-anchor, food storage, mineral and water absorption

Question 5

Stele

Answer 5

vascular tissue of root and stem

Question 6

Parenchyma

Answer 6

• least specialized
• thin/flexible primary cell walls
• most lack secondary cell walls
• protoplast w/ large central vacuole
• alive at maturity
• metabolic functions: photosynthesis, starch storage in stems and roots, fleshy tissue of fruit, developing cells,repair and replacement of organs

Question 7

Collenchyma

Answer 7

• support young shoot without restraining growth
• thicker primary walls than parenchyma, uneven thickness, lack lignin
• no secondary cell walls
• alive and flexible at functional maturity
• grouped in strands/cylinders

Question 8

Sclerenchyma cells

Answer 8

• support
• thick, lignin secondary cell walls
• more rigid than collenchyma
• many dead at functional maturity
• occur in regions that have stopped growing
• fibers:long, slender, tapered, in groups
• sclereids:shorter, irregular shape

Question 9

Xylem

Answer 9

vascular tissue

• water and mineral transport-ROOTS TO SHOOTS
• tracheids and vessel elements: elongated cells dead at functional maturity, secondary walls interrupted by pits

Question 10

Phloem

Answer 10

Vascular tissue

• organic compound transport: SOURCE TO SINK
• sieve tube members: chains of cells, alive at functional maturity but no nucleus, ribosomes or distinct vacuole, in angiosperms: sieve plates with pores
• companion cells:non-conduction, support for sievetube members. connected to sievetube members by plasmodemata, may help load sugar into sievetube member

Question 11

Organ

Answer 11

specialized centre of body function composed of several different types of tissue

Question 12

Tissue

Answer 12

integrated group of cells with common structure and function

Question 13

Cell structures not in animals

Answer 13

chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata, tonoplast, central vacuole

Question 14

Monocot

Answer 14

one cotyledon (seed leaf)

eg. orchids, palms, grasses

parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue,fibrous root system (no taproot/mainroot), one opening on pollen grain,floral organs in multiples of three

Question 15

Eudicot

Answer 15

Two cotyledons

e.g. roses, sunflowers, oaks, maples, peas

veins netlike, vascular tissue organized in ring, taproot present, 3 openings in pollen grain,floral organs in multiples of 4s or 5s

Question 16

Answer 16

Helianthus stem c.s.

Eudicot stem

Question 17

Answer 17

Corn stem c.s.

Monocot stem

Question 18

Answer 18

Eudicot Root c.s.

Question 19

Answer 19

monocot root c.s.

Question 20

Answer 20

Monocot leaf c.s.

Question 21

Answer 21

Dicot leaf c.s.

Question 22

Chloroplasts

Answer 22

• mainly in mesophylll
• 30-40/cell
• .5million/mm squared
• bounded by 2 membranes
• contain stroma (dense fluid surround grana) and thylakoids(interconnected membranous sacs)
• grana: stack of thylakoid sacs
• chlorophyll (in thylakoid membrane, green pigment)

Question 23

2 stages of photosynthesis

Answer 23

light reactions (photo) and Calvin cycle (dark reactions) (synthesis)

Question 24

Chlorophyll A absorbs and reflects____

Answer 24

absorbs: blue-violet, red
reflects: blue-green

Question 25

Chl b absorbs\_\_\_, reflects\_\_\_\_.

Answer 25

absorbs: blue and orange reflects: yellow-green

Question 26

Carotenoids absorbs\_\_\_, reflects\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

absorbs: violet and blue-green reflects: yellow-orange

Question 27

General equation for photosynethsis

Answer 27

CO₂ + H₂O--\> [CH₂O] + O₂

Question 28

Chlorophyll A function

Answer 28

participates directly in light reactions converting solar energy to chemical energy

Question 29

Chlorophyll b function

Answer 29

absorbs light energy and transfers to chl a. almost structurally identical to chl a, some differences allow diff wavelengths of light to be absorbed

Question 30

Carotenoid function

Answer 30

Absorbs wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot, absorbs lgiht energy and transfers it to chl a.

Question 31

Why are leaves red in the fall

Answer 31

carotenoids' red colour is predominant when leaf cells stop synthesizing chlorophyll in fall.

Question 32

Circulatory system function

Answer 32

- maintain homeostasis - mass transport of solute and cells - transport of heat - transmission of force

Question 33

Circulatory system components

Answer 33

pump(s), vessels, circulatory fluid

Question 34

Single circulation

Answer 34

fish

Question 35

Double Circulation

Answer 35

reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals

Question 36

Amphibians circulatory system

Answer 36

pulmocutaneous circuit

Question 37

Reptile (not birds) circulatory system

Answer 37

double circulation, pulmonary circuit, incomplete septum

Question 38

Mammals and birds circulatory system

Answer 38

pulmonary circuit, double circulation, separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, pressure differeces possible

Question 39

Question 40

cardiac output

Answer 40

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 41

cardiac cycle

Answer 41

one completely sequence of pumping and filling, inherent activity of heart,can be modified by outside influences

Question 42

systole

Answer 42

heart muscle contracts, chambers pump blood

Question 43

diastole

Answer 43

heart muscle is relaxed, chambers fill with blood

Question 44

Regulation of cardiac cycle

Answer 44

1. SA node signals spread through atria 2. signals delayed at AV node 3. bundle branches pass signal to heart apex 4. signals spread through ventricles

Question 45

Blood Vessels

Answer 45

arteries, arterioles - carry blood AWAY from heart, TO capillaries - arterioles: small branches of arteries, carry blood to capillaries Capillaries - microscopic vessels that penetrate tissues - single layer of cells that allow exchange between blood and interstitial fluid Veins return blood to heart from capillaries, one way valves ensure direction of blood flow towards heart Venules convey blood between capillary bed and vein

Question 46

How does blood return to heart?

Answer 46

contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 47

Stethoscope

Answer 47

Cup side- heart sounds disk side- blood flow in arteries of arm

Question 48

Question 49

Heart Sounds

Answer 49

LUBB-DUP ## Footnote Lubb- low pitched, closing valves between atria and ventricles/ contraction of ventricular muscles Dup-louder/shorter, closing of semilunar valves

Question 50

ECG traces P, Q,R,S,T

Answer 50

P-atrial depolarization QRS-ventricular depolarization T-ventricular repolarization

Question 51

Daphnia

Answer 51

ectotherm, poikilotherm (cannot regulate body temp except by behavioral means)

Question 52

Effect of adrenalin and acetylcholine

Answer 52

adrenaline: accelerates heart (in daphnia low conc. causes slowing, high causes faster) acetylcholine: inhibits heart (stimulates heart in other arthropods)

Question 53

Effect of Ca and K

Answer 53

Ca=increases muscle contraction K=decreases heart rate, Ca channels close

Question 54

Problems with Sensory Systems

Answer 54

- converting stimulus energy into neuronal signal - encoding info about stimulus - interpretation of information

Question 55

Sensation

Answer 55

- triggered by sensory stimuli - travels to brain as action potentials (APs) via sensory pathways

Question 56

Perception

Answer 56

- ability to discriminate various aspects of stimulus - meaningful interpretation of sensory data