Lab material

Question 1

What are the three characteristics of the phylum Chordata?

Answer 1

• hollow dorsal nerve tube
• gill pouches in early embryonic development
• notochord in early embryonic development

Question 2

What is the characteristic of the subphylum Vertebrata?

Answer 2

Bony skeleton enclosing brain and spinal chord

Question 3

What is the official defining characteristic of mammals?

Answer 3

Lower jaw is composed of a single pair of bones - dentaries, and is connected directly to the cranium - specifically the articulation between the dentary and squamosal bones
- also by presence of three bones in the middle ear - articular and quadrate bones become malleus and incus

Question 4

Soft tissue characteristics common to mammals?

Answer 4

• hair at some stage in life
• mammary glands that produce milk in females
• muscular diaphragm in abdominal cavities
• ## ennucleate erythrocytes - no nuclei in red blood cells

Question 5

Heirarchy of taxonomic classification?

Answer 5

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 6

What are the seven faunal regions?

Answer 6

Neotropical - south + central america
Nearctic - North america
Palearctic - Europe + north asia + north africa
Holarctic - north russia + alaska - usually nearctic + palearctic
Ethiopian - Central + south africa
Oriental - south asia
Australian - Australia

Question 7

What is Wallaces Line?

Answer 7

Faunal boundary between south asia and australia

Question 8

What are the two main components of the mammalian skull?

Answer 8

Cranium and mandible

Question 9

Three layers of skin

Answer 9

Epidermis - only living cells in the deepest layers
Dermis - connective tissue, muscles, nerves, sensory structures
Hypodermis - fat layer

Question 10

Two kinds of scales

Answer 10

True dermal bone - formed in dermal layer of integument
Epidermal scales - modified stratum corneum cells that create flattened epidermal plates

Question 11

5 important parts of hair anatomy

Answer 11

Medulla - central core
Cortex - bulk of the hair
Cuticle - outer layer composed of cuticular scales
Pigment granules - melanin
Erector pilli muscle - keeps hair standing up

Question 12

Two kinds of hair growth

Answer 12

Angora - continuous growth and not shed
Definitive - grows to a defined length and is shed periodically

Question 13

3 types of hair

Answer 13

Vibrissae - long stiff hairs as tactile receptors - whiskers
Guard hairs - spines, bristles and awns
Underhairs - wool (angora), fur (definitive) and velli (definitive / downy)

Question 14

3 classes of hair colour

Answer 14

Eumelanin - dark colours
Pheomelanin - red / light colours
Agouti - more than one colour on a single hair

Question 15

6 functions of hair coloring

Answer 15

Concealment - cryptic coloration, disruptive coloration, countershading

Communication - warning coloration, reverse countershading, flag

Question 16

Special cases of hair coloring

Answer 16

Albinism - lack of all external pigment
Leucism - partial loss of pigmentation
Melanism - unusally dark pigmentation due to disposition of large amount of melanin
Piebald - patches of white on body

Question 17

Two types of hairless mammals

Answer 17

All mammals have hair at some stage in life (defining characteristic)
- Naked mole rat - has whiskers but no true fur coat
- Marine mammals - hair is greatly reduced in sirenians and cetaceans

Question 18

4 Integumentary glands

Answer 18

Sweat glands - unique to mammals, two types - sudoriferous - empty into hair follicles, and eccrine - empty onto surface of skin (for cooling and tactile reasons)

Sebaceous glands - secrete fatty substance to prevent brittle hair and water proof the coat]

Scent glands - can be sebaceous or sudoriferous, for defense, marking territory and social

Mammary glands - derived from integumentary glands and secrete milk

Question 19

What two orders have horns?

Answer 19

Aritodactyla and perissodactyla

Question 20

What are the 5 major types of horns?

Answer 20

True horns
Pronghorns
Antlers
Giraffe horns
Rhinoceros horns

Question 21

What are true horns

Answer 21

Found in bovidae
- inner bony core extension of frontals - sheathed in a keratinized epidermis - found in males and females
- grow throughout life with no shedding
- in pairs except for 4 horned antelope

Question 22

What are pronghorns

Answer 22

• antilocarpa americana
• shed sheath annually
• form prongs from new sheath
• females have no prongs

Question 23

What are antlers?

Answer 23

Cervidae (except 1)
- males onlly
- forms from a pedicel - permanent extension of frontal bone that connects to deciduous antlers via a burr
- growing antler fed by velvet
- consists of main beam and tines, shed after mating

Question 24

What are giraffe horns?

Answer 24

Permanent bony processes arising from suture between parietals and frontals
- ossified from ossicones and then fuse to skull
- NOT projections of frontal bones
- permanently covered by skin and air

Question 25

What are rhinoceros horns?

Answer 25

Only extant non artiodactyls with horns - hardened epithelial cells formed from dermal papillae - not fused to the bone - skin-bearing horn situated over fused nasal bones

Question 26

3 other keratinized structures

Answer 26

Claws - encase the most distal phalanx Nails - modified claw that only covers dorsal surface of distal phalanx, less protection but more dexterity Hooves - contacts ground in ungulates Baleen - replaces teeth in whales , grows continuously

Question 27

Two types of postcranial skeleton?

Answer 27

Axial skeleton - skull spine and ribcage Appendicular skeleton - everything else, limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles

Question 28

6 main bones in the limbs

Answer 28

Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Question 29

4 parts of a claw?

Answer 29

Unguis - dorsal plate, curves and encloses the subunguis Subunguis - ventral plate Dermis - live tissue Bone (phalanges)

Question 30

Nail anatomy differences

Answer 30

Nail covers only the dorsal surface Unguis is broad and flattened Subunguis is reduced to small remnant under tip of nail Will have a finger pad of sorts Functions in precision manipulation and tactile perception

Question 31

Hoof anatomy differences

Answer 31

Unguis curves almost completely around end of digit Subunguis is completely enclosed Pad behind hoof is called a frog

Question 32

Two main and sub types of locomotion

Answer 32

Cursorial - Running - digitigrade - on one or more toes - unguligrade - hooves Ambulatory - walking - plantigrade - soles of hands and feet - graviportal - heavy bodied on pads like elephants

Question 33

4 types of terrestrial locomotion

Answer 33

Cursorial - digitigrade - metacarpals do not touch surface, limbs can move in several planes - unguligrade - phalanges are elevated and hooves contact surface - bones are fused and reduced in number, restricted to lateral movement only Saltatorial - leaping movement generated by hindlimbs, can be jumping or ricocheting Graviportal - digits radiate out to form a series of arches with thick cushioning pad

Question 34

What is fossorial locomotion?

Answer 34

Underground

Question 35

What is natatorial locomotion?

Answer 35

Semiaquatic

Question 36

larger zygomatic arch in what?

Answer 36

IN carnivores for muscle attachement